Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Amoxicillin at a daily dose of 1-1.5 g was orally administered to total 30 cases comprising 6 of acute tonsillitis, 6 of chronic tonsillitis, 8 of acute bronchitis, 4 of chronic bronchitis, 4 of bronchiectasis, 1 of suppurative diseases of the lung and 1 of exudative pleurisy. The clinical results and side effects are reported. 1. The effect of amoxicillin was remarkably good in 15 of 30 cases with infections of respiratory apparatus (50%), good in 7(23%), poor in 5(17%) and unknown in 3(10%); the effectiveness was 73%. 2. In terms of diseases, amoxicillin was effective in 33% of acute tonsillitis, in 50% of chronic tonsillitis and in all of acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasia and suppurative disease of the lung. No effect was observed in exudative pleurisy. 3. In terms of strains detected, amoxicillin was effective in 67% of Staphylococcus aureus, in 89% of Haemophilus and in 50% of Klebsiella. This drug was effective in all cases caused by Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter calcoacetines, beta-Streptococcus, Flavobacterium, Streptococcus pneumonia, though these strains were not frequently detected. Pseudomonas aeruginosa had no response to this drug. 4. Two cases of transient hepatic dysfunction, 6 of eruption, 5 of gastro-intestinal disorders, 1 of arthralgia and 1 of pyrexia were observed as side effects (some cases had side effects in overlap).
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PMID:[Clinical trials with amoxicillin (Pasetocin 'Kyowa') on infections of respiratory apparatus (author's transl)]. 127 87

In this study the authors evaluated the importance of bacteriological study in the diagnostics of chronic tonsillitis in children and investigated the eventuality of modification in superficial as well as parenchymal tonsillar microflora brought about by preventive treatment with benzylpenicillin G. The study further aimed at revealing an eventual relationship between microflora and classic laboratory parameters (haemochromocytometric examination, leukocytic formula, VES, ASLO and urine analysis) as well as at evaluating the possibility of a correlation between the degree of tonsillar hypertrophy and microflora. The 100 patients studied had chronic tonsillitis, were between the ages of 4 and 12 and were all candidates for tonsillectomy. The subjects were divided into two groups of 50 patients each; one group had not had any antibiotic treatment for at least 30 days prior to the study, while the second group had undergone antibiotic treatment during the days or weeks immediately before the study and was administered benzylpenicillin G 24 hours prior to sampling. The superficial and intraparenchymal tonsillar tampon samples taken in both groups underwent bacteriological studies. The most frequently isolated bacteria was Haemophilus Influenzae (40% of the cases). A clear-cut prevalence of this bacteria was observed in those patients treated with benzylpenicillin G as opposed to those not treated. Haemolytic Group A Streptococcus was found almost exclusively in the tonsils of those patients not treated with antibiotics (14 out of 15 cases). Various degrees of tonsillar hypertrophy were observed although no sure correlation between the presence of the pathology and the bacteria found, either superficially or in the parenchyma, was established. Furthermore, no significant was revealed between the presence of superficial or intraparenchymal bacteria.
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PMID:[Chronic tonsillitis in childhood: a bacteriological study in connection with benzathine penicillin treatment and the role of bacterial flora in tonsillar hypertrophy]. 182 Jul 25

Tonsil core specimens of 54 children, (3 to 12 years) with clinical evidence of chronic tonsillitis and/or "idiopathic" tonsillar hypertrophy, were studied for the effect of the magnitude of aerobic bacterial load on tonsil size and the absolute numbers of B- and T-cell subsets. Tonsillar core specimens obtained from ten children with no history of ear, nose, or throat infections and normal appearing tonsils served as controls. The findings of this study indicate that tonsil size was directly proportional to the mean bacterial load in colony forming units/g tonsil (CFU/g) even in the absence of a clinical history of infection (p less than 0.01). A mean bacterial load of 2.4 +/- 2.1 X 10(5) CFU/g tonsil was seen in diseased tonsils as compared to 1.6 +/- 2.4 X 10(4) CFU/g tonsil in normal controls (p less than 0.01). Hemophilus influenzae (type B and non-B), Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes were the most common pathogens recovered in the largest numbers from diseased tonsils; control tonsils harbored few bacteria in their cores. The absolute number of immunocompetent cells/g tonsil including T-helper, T-suppressor and B-cells (S-Ig+), were significantly greater in diseased tonsils than in controls (p less than 0.001). Increasing microbial load (CFU/g tonsil) correlated with increased numbers of T-helper (p less than 0.01) and B-cells (p less than 0.01). These data strongly support a bacterial etiology for chronic tonsillitis as well as "idiopathic" tonsillar hypertrophy. Bacterial induced proliferation of immunocompetent cells may be one underlying mechanism for chronic tonsillar disease in children.
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PMID:The immunology of tonsils in children: the effect of bacterial load on the presence of B- and T-cell subsets. 325 86

The role of specific bacteria in the pathogenesis of tonsillar hypertrophy in children in unknown. To determine the effect of specific bacteria on the presence and nature of tonsillar hypertrophy (measured both clinically and by tonsil weight), quantitative aerobic bacteriology was performed on 54 tonsil-core specimens from 54 children undergoing tonsillectomy for chronic tonsillitis and/or tonsillar hypertrophy. Twelve tonsil-core biopsies from 12 children with no history of tonsil disease served as controls. Haemophilus influenzae (HI), Streptococcus pyogenes (SP), Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPn), and Staphylococcus aureus (SA) were the most common microorganisms cultured from diseased tonsils. Few bacteria were cultured from the cores of controls. HI was cultured as the dominant aerobic bacteria in 15 of 54 tonsils (27%). For HI alone, the number of bacteria/gram tonsil showed a significant positive correlation to tonsil weight (p less than 0.05). Fourteen of 15 (94%) tonsils with HI were found in patients with clinical tonsillar hypertrophy, while only 6 of 10 patients (60%) with SP and SPn had tonsillar hypertrophy. Of the 38 tonsils removed for obstructive symptoms (clinical hypertrophy), 14 of 38 (37%) cultured HI as the dominant microorganisms, whereas only 6 of 38 (16%) cultured SP. Neither the type of HI (b vs. non-b) nor the presence of beta-lactamase production had a significant correlation to tonsil weight, bacterial load or the number of B- or T-cell subsets. The number of T-helper (Th), T-suppressor (Ts) and B-cells (per gram/tonsil) was markedly greater in all diseased tonsils than in controls. For both HI and SP the total number of bacteria/gram tonsil correlated positively to the number of Ts cells (p less than 0.003 and p less than 0.007, respectively). In patients with HI type b (HI-b), the tonsil weight correlated to an increase in Ts and B-cells (p less than 0.004 and p less than 0.007, respectively). An increased presence of the Ts and B-cells in the HI-b tonsils (and not in tonsils with HI non-b) suggests a differential response by the tonsil to these distinct but related bacteria. The above data strongly support an etiological role for HI in the pathogenesis of tonsillar hypertrophy in children. Alterations in the relationship between Th and Ts cells may affect normal B-cell function and be implicated in this phenomenon. Clinical implications for pathogenesis, antimicrobial therapy, and future directions for research are discussed.
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PMID:The role of Haemophilus influenzae in the pathogenesis of tonsillar hypertrophy in children. 326 2

Deep tonsillar flora were identified in tonsils removed from 48 patients, children and adults, with chronic tonsillitis and recurrent sore throats or obstructive hypertrophy. Most specimens (38/48) cultured multiple germs (2 to 5 different species) with aerobic and anaerobic Gram+ and Gram-forms, some being beta-lactamase producers. Of the total of 135 strains isolated, 104 were aerobic and 31 anaerobic. The species of aerobic germs most frequently isolated were: Apart from alpha-hemolytic streptococci of undertermined group (38 strains), Haemophilus sp. : 14 (including 3 beta-lactamase + strains), Staphylococcus aureus: 15 (including 11 beta-lactamase + strains), Streptococcus A : 10, Enterobacteriaceae : 6, Neisseria sp. : 8 (including 1 beta-lactamase + strain). And among the anaerobic germs: Peptococcus : 3, Veillonella alc : 10, Fusobacterium nucleatum : 9, Bacteroides melaninogenicus : 6, Other Bacteroides : 2. Of the 127 strains tested, 102 were sensitive to amoxicillin and 121 to amoxicillin and clavulanic acid combination. The presence of a beta-lactamase producing bacterium in 1 of 3 specimens suggests the risk of failure of treatment with penicillin, prescribed classically for this type of affection.
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PMID:[Sensitivity to an amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination, of deep tonsillar flora isolated in chronic tonsillitis]. 336 5

Unsuccessful medical therapy for treatment of acute tonsillitis frequently results in onset of recurrent or chronic forms rendering surgical treatment necessary. We have studied some of the factors involved in the evolution of these chronic or recurrent forms and, in particular, the distribution of different bacterial strains in tonsillar tissue, their response to treatment with antibiotics and mechanisms of bacterial resistance. The distribution of bacterial flora (saprophytic and pathogenic) present on the surface of the tonsils, in the crypts and in the tonsillar tissue was studied in a control population of 30 children (20 boys and 10 girls) aged between 2-13 years, all affected with chronic tonsillitis and submitted to tonsillectomy. The same study was performed in a group of 80 sex and aged matched children, also presenting with chronic or recurrent tonsillitis and treated with amoxicillin or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid or cefaclor or clarithromycin 72 h before surgery. The 80 subjects were randomly divided into four groups so that each antibiotic was tested on 20 subjects. The distribution of the bacterial population on the surface of tonsillar tissue, in the crypts and in the deeper tonsillar tissue is of particular interest concerning the affinity of bacteria to the different tissue areas. In particular the interaction between crypt and tonsillar core, which could be a factor involved in the process of worsening of bacterial infection in the tonsils, is evidenced. The four antibodies tested showed different abilities to eradicate infection: Haemophilus influenzae was found to be the most resistant germ to antibiotic therapy and was thus the most frequent cause of recurrent infections. The characteristics and the mechanisms of adherence and resistance to beta lactam antibiotics were also analysed.
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PMID:The role of tissue colonization and bacterial resistance in recurrent tonsillitis. 908 59

The pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is unclear. We have previously shown glomerular deposition of Haemophilus parainfluenzae (HPI) antigens and the presence of IgA antibody against HPI antigens in patients with IgAN. We examined the immune response to HPI antigens in tonsillar lymphocytes from patients with IgAN. Lymphocytes isolated from the palatine tonsils of 13 IgAN patients and 16 patients with chronic tonsillitis but without renal disease were used as controls. We examined lymphocyte proliferation and production of IgA antibody against HPI antigens by measuring thymidine uptake and IgA antibody in culture supernatants after lymphocyte incubation with HPI antigens. Patients with IgAN showed a significantly higher stimulation index to HPI antigens (thymidine incorporation in tonsillar lymphocytes with HPI/thymidine incorporation in unstimulated tonsillar lymphocytes) than controls (P < 0.002). Lymphocytes from patients with IgAN also showed a significantly higher level of IgA antibody and IgA1 antibody against HPI antigens in culture supernatants than lymphocytes from controls (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.004, respectively). Our results suggest that HPI antigens stimulate tonsillar T and B lymphocytes in patients with IgAN and that an immune response to HPI antigens may play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease in some cases.
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PMID:Immune response of tonsillar lymphocytes to Haemophilus parainfluenzae in patients with IgA nephropathy. 1063 71

Much evidence suggests that IgA production in vivo and in vitro is enhanced in patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN). We have demonstrated glomerular deposition of the outer membranes of Haemophilus parainfluenzae (HP) antigens (OMHP) and the presence of HP-specific IgA in the serum of patients with IgAN. In this study, we investigated the production of IgA and several cytokines by tonsillar mononuclear cells (TMC) from IgAN patients induced by stimulation with OMHP. The spontaneous production of total IgA and TGF-beta by TMC from IgAN patients was higher than that by TMC from patients with chronic tonsillitis (CT) (P < 0.05). Stimulation with OMHP in vitro enhanced the production of HP-specific IgA by TMC from IgAN patients (P < 0.01), but not by TMC from CT patients. OMHP stimulation also enhanced the production of TGF-beta and IL-10 by TMC from IgAN patients (P < 0.001). These results suggest that the infection of HP in the tonsil may be involved in the etiology of IgAN.
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PMID:Induction of IgA against Haemophilus parainfluenzae antigens in tonsillar mononuclear cells from patients with IgA nephropathy. 1086 31

Much evidence, both in vivo and in vitro, suggests that patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) have enhanced IgA production. We hypothesized that Haemophilus parainfluenzae (HP) in the tonsil plays an important role in the IgA production of IgAN patients. In this study, we focused on interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and IgA production by tonsillar mononuclear cells (TMC) in patients with IgAN. Tonsillectomies were performed in patients with IgAN and chronic tonsillitis (CT). The induction of IFN-gamma and IgA in vitro by TMC from IgAN patients was compared with that from CT patients. In addition, we investigated whether stimulation with the outer membranes of HP (OMHP) enhanced IFN-gamma and IgA induction by TMC from patients with IgAN. Spontaneous IFN-gamma production and spontaneous total IgA production by TMC were higher in IgAN patients than in those patients with CT (p < 0.05). IFN-gamma induction by OMHP stimulation was also higher in IgAN patients than in CT patients. The stimulation of OMHP enhanced HP-specific IgA in IgAN but had no influence on the production of IFN-gamma in patients with either IgAN or CT compared with spontaneous IFN-gamma production. IFN-gamma production was positively correlated with total IgA values in both IgAN and CT patients, but not with HP-specific IgA. These results suggest that increased IFN-gamma production in patients with IgAN is not associated with HP infection but may play a role in the pathogenesis of IgAN.
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PMID:Production of interferon-gamma by tonsillar mononuclear cells in IgA nephropathy patients. 1103 78

We investigated the functions of tonsillar mononuclear cells (TMC) regarding whether a Haemophilus parainfluenzae (HP) outer membranes antigen (HPOM) enhances IgA-related cytokine (IFN-gamma, IL-10. and TGF-beta) production in vitro by TMC in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) patients. In addition, we examined the effect of synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide and HPOM stimulation by TMC on IgA production, whether the constant region antisense to IgA inhibits the production of IgA in vitro by TMC. Eighteen patients with IgAN and 25 patients with chronic tonsillitis (CT) from 6 to 45 years (mean age of 20.9 years) participated in this study. TMC were obtained from resected tonsils, and total and HP-specific IgA levels, along with the concentration of TGF-beta, IL-10 and IFN-gamma in the supernatant of stimulated TMC were measured by ELISA. Isolated TMC were cultured with HPOM in the presence of 23 oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), and the induction of total IgA and HP-specific IgA in the supernatant was also measured using ELISA. To investigate the inhibition of IgA production, TMC were cultured with HPOM and antisence to IgA. We found that IgA-related cytokine (IFN-gamma, IL-10, and TGF-beta) production by unstimulated or stimulated TMC was higher in IgAN patients than CT patients. Two types of synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides produced higher HP-specific IgA than with HPOM stimulation alone. HPOM and antisence IgA inhibited the production of total IgA and HP-specific IgA in dose-depend manner. In conclusion, IFN-gamma, TGF-beta, and IL-10 influence each other in the pathogenesis of IgAN, and infection by not only HP but other bacteria or viruses which possess specific DNA sequences such as CpG motifs induce the production of HP-specific IgA by TMC.
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PMID:Infection of Haemophilus parainfluenzae in tonsils is associated with IgA nephropathy. 1576 91


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