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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aim of the study was to analyse microbiologically samples obtained from 30 patients aged from 21 to 73 years treated for chronic sinusitis. Aerobic bacteria only were isolated in 16 patients (53%), and anaerobic organisms only in 5 patients (17%). Mixed aerobic and anaerobic isolates were recovered from 9 patients (30%). The isolated aerobic bacteria were as follows: streptococci from the species Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus group C, Streptococcus sanguis, Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative rods from the genus Haemophilus and rods from the Enterobacteriaceae family, and strains of Moraxella catarrhalis. The isolated anaerobic microorganisms Gram-negative rods from the genus Prevotella, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Gram-positive cocci from the genus Peptostreptococcus. Other organisms from the genus Vailonella, Eubacterium and Actinomyces were isolated less frequently. In 15 patients only one isolate was recovered, in 15 patients isolated bacteria were mixed with other microorganisms.
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PMID:[Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial flora in chronic sinusitis in adults]. 941 Oct 78

In children, sinusitis is a common, generally uncomplicated, and self limiting disease which drops with age. The diagnosis is difficult because of relatively non specific signs and symptoms that overlap with viral upper respiratory infection and allergy. Plain paranasal sinus radiographs are not adequate, in determining the extent of involvement in recurrent or chronic sinusitis and so CT scan has become the standard. Viral illness appears to be the most common predisposing factor. Immune defects (mainly IG2 and IGA) may exist in a significant percentage of children. The role of allergy seems less important. With advances in the genetic field of cystic fibrosis, genetic factors are advocated in chronic or recurrent sinusitis. The most common bacterial pathogens in pediatric sinusitis patients are SP (Streptococcus Pneumoniae), HI (Hemophilus Influenza) and MC (Moraxella Catarrhalis). Other less frequent bacterial species include group A streptococcus, group C streptococcus, streptococcus viridans, peptostreptococcus, moraxella species and Eikenella corrodens. Respiratory anaerobes are not common. Antibiotics resistant to the action of the beta-lactamase are the cornerstone in medical treatment. In recurrent acute sinusitis prophylactic antimicrobials may be helpful. The indication for surgery remains controversial. To date, we have no prospective studies comparing surgical to medical therapy in order to guide us in deciding surgical indication. It is therefore recommended to follow a conservative track and to limit surgical procedures in children with suppurative complications, nasal obstruction from polyposis or refractory sinusitis aggravating chronic pulmonary disease such as asthma.
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PMID:Chronic sinusitis in children. 944 76

In the years from 1993 till 1995 there were 132 tests done on occurrence aerobes (oxygen bacteria) and 56 tests on occurrence of anaerobes and fungus in patients with chronic sinusitis. The most common microorganisms among the aerobes was Haemophilus influenzae (23.1%) and Staphylococcus aureus (20.9%). The most common microorganisms among the anaerobes was Peptococcus and Peptostreptococcus (together 57.1%) and from the strains Bacteroides (36.8). The breeded oxygen microorganisms Gr(+) were mostly sensible to clindamycin, cefuroxim and augmentin; Gr(-) organisms to amicacin, gentamycin and cefuroxim. Anaerobes were mostly sensible to metronidazole and clindamycin.
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PMID:[Bacterial flora in chronic purulent maxillary sinusitis]. 975 87

Sinusitis is a common disorder in both children and adults. It is responsible for significant absenteeism from school and work. Up to 10% of upper respiratory infections in children are complicated by acute sinusitis. Since antibacterial therapy is most often empirically chosen to treat the disorder, knowledge of the typical etiologic agents as well as awareness of the antibacterial susceptibility profiles in a given community are of paramount importance. The need for consistently bactericidal antibacterials, the recognition of the importance of nontypable Hemophilus influenzae unresponsive to first-generation cephalosporins, tetracyline-resistant Gram-positive cocci, and the increasing emergence of beta-lactamase-positive respiratory pathogens such as H. influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis, now mandate the use of newer therapeutic agents for acute and chronic sinusitis.
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PMID:Antibacterial management of acute and chronic sinusitis. 1034 92

EMPIRICAL STRATEGY: Antibiotic therapy of upper and lower respiratory tract infections is based on an empirical strategy. However, arguments favoring the probability of a given bacteria may be lacking and, since resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae against conventional antibiotics is becoming increasingly frequent, therapeutic strategies must be revisited. SINUSITIS: H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae are the most frequent causal agents in acute maxillary sinusitis. For chronic sinusitis, beta-lactamase producing anaerobic bacteria, S. aureus and peni-resistant pneumococci and H. influenzae must also be considered. ACUTE EXACERBATIONS OF CHRONIC BRONCHITIS: The main causal agents are H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae, followed by M. catarrhalis, S. aureus, enterobacteriaceae, and beta-hemolytic streptococci. COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA: There are a wide range of pathogens, half of which are identified in different studies. RESISTANCES: For pneumococci, penicillin resistance is currently evidenced in 48% of the strains. For H. influenzae, 30% of the strains are ampicillin resistant.
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PMID:[Epidemiology of bacterial ENT and bronchopulmonary infection in 1998]. 1050 75

Although most cases of rhinosinusitis are benign, the disruption of quality of life due to disease symptoms leads patients to seek early medical care. Ongoing debates dispute the definition, bacteriology, and medical management of chronic sinusitis, while the criteria for acute sinusitis are relatively well established. Chronic rhinosinusitis remains poorly categorized, and authors differ in opinions of symptoms, time course, and bacteriology of the infections, as well as proper medical management. Recent studies from the Mayo Clinic even question the idea that chronic sinusitis is a bacterial disease and document the presence of fungal pathogens that are responsible for the inflammatory reaction and mucosal response. In general, medical management is based on physiologic principles of re-establishing natural mucociliary function and restoring proper aeration of the paranasal sinuses after an inflammatory insult. Injudicious use and indiscriminate overprescription of antibiotics has fostered the rapid development of penicillin-resistant organisms over the past two decades. Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumonia and b-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis are becoming the norm, forcing the need to consider alternatives in antibacterial management. Appropriate medical management of this common problem requires a systematic approach and consideration of adjunctive therapy. This article examines the current bacteriology of these common infections and reviews the management of acute and chronic infections.
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PMID:The Microbiology and Management of Acute and Chronic Rhinosinusitis. 1138 50

In bacterial infections of the sinuses and the middle ear Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Staphylococcus aureus are most frequently isolated, whereas in tonsillopharyngitis Streptococcus pyogenes is the most important pathogen. S. aureus is found in up to 40 % in acute and chronic sinusitis and causes severe complications in otitis media, therefore antibiotics used as empirical initial treatment should also be effective against this pathogen. To decrease duration of illness and to avoid serious complications antibiotic treatment of bacterial ENT-infections is necessary. The new ketolides and the third and fourth generation quinolones are very effective and the second generation cephalosporins like cefuroxime axetil have proven excellent clinical and bacteriological efficacy in numerous clinical trials combined with an excellent resistance pattern over the years. Efficacy of short course therapy (5 days) in sinusitis and tonsillopharyngitis has been proven in clinical trials and is cost saving. In more severe infections treated in hospital sequential i. v./oral therapy offers pharmaco-economical benefits. Both regimen demonstrate cost savings while maintaining high clinical efficacy. In more severe infections like otitis externa diffusa, otitis externa maligna, otitis media chronica and perichondritis Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a dangerous pathogen that has to be covered by initial antibiotic treatment. Ciprofloxacin and Ceftazidime are widely used and effective. Ciprofloxacin resistance has increased, while Ceftazidime susceptibility is unchanged (> 90 %). A dose reduction study with ceftazidime in severe ENT-infections showed equivocal efficacy between 3 x 1 g and 3 x 2 g daily that offers a cost benefit of 50 %.
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PMID:[Current therapeutical management, new antibiotics and treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in bacterial ENT-infections]. 1184 1

An open-label, multicenter study was performed to assess bacteriologic findings associated with chronic bacterial maxillary sinusitis in adults. Seventy aerobic (52.2%) and 64 anaerobic (47.8%) pathogens were recovered from clinically evaluable patients at baseline (before therapy). The most commonly isolated anaerobes were Prevotella species (31.1%), anaerobic streptococci (21.9%), and Fusobacterium species (15.6%). The aerobes most frequently recovered included Streptococcus species (21.4%), Haemophilus influenzae (15.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.7%), and Staphylococcus aureus and Moraxella catarrhalis (10.0% each). Recurrences of signs or symptoms of bacterial maxillary sinusitis associated with anaerobes were twice as frequent as were those associated with aerobes when counts of anaerobes were > or =10(3) cfu/mL. A pathogenic role for Granulicatella species in cases of chronic sinusitis was documented for the first time.
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PMID:Bacteriologic findings associated with chronic bacterial maxillary sinusitis in adults. 1214 27

Aerobic bacterial examination for sinusitis was conducted using specimens from maxillary sinuses collected by antral puncture in 540 patients--284 men and 256 women aged 6-89 years--between May 1999 and April 2000. We obtained 528 strains of bacteria. Our results were as follows: 1. We obtained 303 pathogens from 540 patients. In acute sinusitis, the most frequently found was Streptococcus pneumoniae (30.4%), followed by Hemophilus influenzae (27.7%). In chronic cases, the most frequently found was Streptococcus pneumoniae (16.0%), followed by Hemophilus influenzae (15.1%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (12.6%). 2. We found an increase in bacteria resistant to multiple drugs, with 11.1% of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates methicillin-resistant in acute sinusitis and 40% methicillin-resistant in chronic sinusitis, and that 30.6% of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates were penicillin-resistant. 3. Ciclacillin was effective against 64.7% of all pathogens isolated in this study, cefpodoxime proxetil effective against 6.5%, and cefixime effective against 2.4%. 4. In considering pathogens, we therefore choose antibiotics and make a maxillary aspiration puncture.
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PMID:[Bacterial examination of sinusitis using antral puncture and irrigation]. 1240 Jan 69

The study reported here was a nationwide assessment of otitis media (466 patients with acute suppurative otitis media and 476 with chronic suppurative otitis media), sinusitis (447 with acute sinusitis and 426 with chronic sinusitis), acute tonsillitis (724 patients), and peritonsillar abscess (141 patients) performed between November 1998 and March 1999. Eighty university hospitals, 79 affiliated hospitals, and 103 general practitioners participated. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) comprised 15.6% of the 786 isolated strains of S. aureus. MRSA was frequently detected in patients with suppurative otitis media, but was uncommon in those with acute tonsillitis or peritonsillar abscess, and it was more common in those who had already been treated than in those who had not, with a significant difference between the groups. Vancomycin (VCM) showed the highest antimicrobial activity against MRSA and no VCM resistance was detected. Penicillin-sensitive Streptococcus pneumoniae(PSSP), penicillin-intermediate-resistant S. pneumoniae (PISP), and penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (PRSP) accounted for 49.6%, 28.5%, and 21.9% of the 228 isolated strains of S. pneumoniae, respectively. PISP and PRSP were frequently detected in children aged 5 years or younger. beta-Lactamase was produced by 96 of the 100 strains (96%) of Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis. The 281 strains of Haemophilus influenzae isolated consisted of 199 beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-sensitive (BLNASe) strains (70.8%), 65 beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant (BLNAR) strains (23.1%), and 17 beta-lactamase-producing strains (6.0%). BLNAR strains were frequently detected in pretreated patients. Of these 281 strains of H. influenzae, 214 had nontypable capsules. In conclusion, the major bacterial species showed resistance to beta-lactams, indicating that care should be taken when selecting an appropriate antimicrobial agent.
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PMID:Current status of bacterial resistance in the otolaryngology field: results from the Second Nationwide Survey in Japan. 1267 7


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