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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The sinusitis is the term, which describes inflammation process of mucous membrane of these sinuses. Generally inflammation spreads from the nose to the paranasal sinus, so rhinosinusitis is the common name of disease. In classification of sinusitis two aspects are important--duration of signs and symptoms and changes in mucous membrane of sinus. In acute sinusitis symptoms withdraw after treatment, and mucous membrane comes back to the normal state. The most frequent bacteria's responsible for sinusitis are aerobes and among them: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrrhalis, Streptococcus gr. A, Staphylococcus aureus, bacteria Gram (-) as well as anaerobic bacteria's. The inflammation changes of paranasal sinuses the most often enter on frontal ethmoid sinuses and then in frontal sinus, posterior ethmoid sinuses and the most seldom in sphenoid sinus. The diagnostics of sinusitis consisted of history data, otolaryngological examination, image diagnostics, bacteriological investigation, allergological diagnostics, sometimes alternatively, dentist as well as neurologist's consultations. The treatment of acute sinusitis is conservative. The aim of the treatment is control of inflammation, decrease of tissue oedema, facilitation of outflow of secretions of the nose and paranasal sinuses. We apply the antibiotics, glycocorticosteroids, decongestant drugs and mucolytic drugs. One should remember, that not treated or wrongly treated acute sinusitis can lead to chronic sinusitis or to numerous complications.
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PMID:[Acute sinusitis]. 1635 11

Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are mostly caused by viruses. Antibiotic misuse for viral URTIs in children is a serious problem that not only results in selection of resistant strains of bacteria but also wastes millions of dollars each year in Taiwan. Antibiotic resistance among common respiratory bacterial pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Moraxella catarrhalis has become a major issue for public health. The common cold, acute pharyngotonsillitis, acute otitis media, acute sinusitis, acute bronchitis, influenza and acute epiglottitis are the most frequently encountered acute URTIs in out-patient clinics. This article recommends the judicious use of antimicrobial agents for these seven common pediatric URTIs, based on local epidemiological data and the recommendations of the Infectious Disease Society of Taiwan and the American Academy of Pediatrics. With education and behavior modification, practitioners will help to reduce antibiotic overuse, and the goal of reducing antimicrobial resistance may be accomplished.
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PMID:Use of antimicrobial agents for upper respiratory tract infections in Taiwanese children. 1642 81

Acute bacterial sinusitis is a common disorder affecting children and adults. We performed a study to assess the bacteriology of acute sinusitis in a community hospital in Mexico City. Patients with an acute exacerbation of persistent sinusitis or acute sinusitis were enrolled. Aspiration of sinus secretions was performed and aspirates were sent for culture. All patients received antibiotic treatment for the infection based on microbiologic sensitivity reports. Follow-up consultation included endoscopy and a computed tomography scan of paranasal sinuses to assess response to treatment. A total of 110 patients were enrolled for evaluation. Forty nine percent of patients were women; median age was 31 years. A total of 136 cultures were recovered for analysis. Twenty seven percent of cultures were negative. Isolated organisms were Haemophilus influenzae (26%), Moraxella catarrhalis (15%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (14%), methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (7%), enterobacteriaceae (6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2%) and miscellaneous (3%). Twenty eight percent of H. influenzae strains were resistant to ampicillin. Penicillin-sensitive S. pneumoniae (PSSP) and penicillin-intermediate-resistant S. pneumoniae (PISP) accounted for 21% and 79% of the S. pneumoniae strains, respectively. H. influenzae was the most common isolated organism. About 55% of those isolates were found in patients <18 years old and only 25% were resistant to ampicillin. Sinus endoscopy continues to be a useful diagnostic tool in addition to imaging studies in sinus infection and should be pursued by the clinician whenever feasible.
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PMID:Microbiology of acute sinusitis in Mexican patients. 1651 92

Streptococcus pneumonia and Haemophilus influenzae account for more than 50% of bacterial acute sinusitis. Isolated sphenoid sinusitis is a rare disease with potentially devastating complications such as cranial nerve involvement, brain abscess, and meningitis. It occurs at an incidence of about 2.7% of all sinus infections. There have been no previous reported cases of unilateral sphenoid sinusitis presenting as septicaemia in an otherwise healthy young immunocompetent adult.
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PMID:An unusual presentation of sphenoid sinusitis with septicaemia in a healthy young adult. 1671 90

Acute bacterial sinusitis (ABS) is an extremely common problem in both children and adults. There are three clinical presentations of acute sinusitis: (1) onset with persistent symptoms (nasal symptoms or cough or both for > 10 but < 30 d without evidence of improvement); (2) onset with severe symptoms (high fever and purulent nasal discharge for 3-4 consecutive days); and (3) onset with worsening symptoms (respiratory symptoms, with or without fever, which worsen after several days of improvement). Images to confirm the presence of acute sinusitis are necessary in older children (> 6 years) and adults to enhance the certainty of diagnosis. The predominant bacterial species that are implicated in acute sinusitis are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in children. In the last decade, there has been an increasing prevalence of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae, and beta-lactamase-producing H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis. Although there has been some controversy in the literature regarding the effectiveness of antibiotics in the treatment of ABS, most studies in which the diagnosis of acute bacterial sinusitis is confirmed with images and appropriate anti-biotics are prescribed show superior outcomes in recipients of antibiotics. Therapy may be initiated with high-dose amoxicillin or amoxicillin-clavulanate. In penicillin-allergic patients or those who are unresponsive to amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate is appropriate. Alternatives include cefuroxime, cefpodoxime, or cefdinir. In cases of serious drug allergy, clarithromycin or azithromycin may be prescribed. The optimal duration of therapy is unknown. Some recommend treatment until the patient becomes free of symptoms and then for an additional 7 d.
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PMID:Beginning antibiotics for acute rhinosinusitis and choosing the right treatment. 1678 86

Changes in nasopharyngeal bacterial flora in adults with acute upper respiratory tract infection on administration of antimicrobial agents were investigated, and how these changes contrasted with those in children. Many patients with acute sinusitis due to allergies, and patients with malignancy and diabetes mellitus were included in the investigation. The detection rates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis, the major bacteria of acute otitis media (AOM), were 22%, 10%, and 7% respectively, which were significantly lower than those for children. Gram stain examination of nasopharyngeal swab samples showed a significant relation between leukocyte infiltration and the detection amount of S. pneumoniae (P = 0.0086). A significant relation (P = 0.0134) was also observed when H. influenzae was simultaneously detected. No significant change in the three major AOM bacteria present in nasopharyngeal bacterial flora after administration of antimicrobial agents was observed. However, all S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae detected after antimicrobial agent administration had the beta-lactam-resistance gene. It was observed that a significant improvement in leukocyte infiltration occurred 6 to 10 days after antimicrobial agent administration. In contrast, a significant improvement in children was observed at 2 to 5 days. In the adult subjects, this improvement was probably due to spontaneous remission rather than the effect of the antimicrobial agents. Although investigation of the long-term administration of antimicrobial agents was also conducted, its benefits for the patients were not elucidated.
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PMID:Study of nasopharyngeal bacterial flora. Variations in nasopharyngeal bacterial flora in schoolchildren and adults when administered antimicrobial agents. 1772 87

Otitis media and sinusitis are among the most common pediatric diseases and they share common features. Although the anatomy, physiology and disease processes are not identical, knowledge of the pathophysiology of middle ear disorders often provides to the pediatrician a useful understanding of sinus diseases. The same risk factors identified for otitis media may play a pivotal role in the development of sinusitis. Moreover, as both paranasal sinuses and middle ear acquire respiratory pathogens from nasopharynx, acute sinusitis is usually caused by the same bacterial pathogens that cause acute otitis media, with a major role for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis, while anaerobes may predominate in chronic disease. A responsibility of bacterial biofilms in chronic sinusitis, similarly to otitis media, has been recently suggested. Biofilms, three-dimensional aggregates of bacteria, are refractory to antibiotics and thus might explain why some patients improve while on antibiotics but relapse after completion of therapy.
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PMID:Paranasal sinuses and middle ear infections: what do they have in common? 1776 5

Macrolides have enjoyed continued use for over 40 years, being increasingly used for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Newer macrolides have been introduced that show improved absorption after oral administration, better gastrointestinal tolerance, and delivery of increased amounts of drug to the infection site. Macrolides are commonly used in community-acquired pneumonia, as well as in atypical pneumonia and legionellosis. The newer macrolides, in comparative studies, have been shown to be as affective as the conventional therapies for treating acute otitis media, acute sinusitis and acute pharyngitis, with a low incidence of side-effects. However, dosing can be simplified because of their unique pharmacokinetic properties. Limitations in the use of macrolides for respiratory infections include rather marginal activity in the most severe cases of Haemophilus influenzae infections, lack of activity against Klebsiella and other coliforms, which precludes their use as single agents in the therapy of pneumonia in patients with significant underlying disease or in the elderly, and development of resistance in streptococci and staphylococci.
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PMID:The use of macrolides in respiratory tract infections. 1861 79

Children have air-filled paranasal sinuses from birth. Acute sinusitis is common in early childhood and complicates 5-13% of common colds. Bacteriology comprises 30% Streptococcus pneumoniae, 20% Haemophilus influenzae, 20% Moraxella catarrhalis. While suppurative complications are rare, there has been an increasing focus on comorbidity affecting the lower airways (asthma). The diagnosis is based on clinical criteria developed through microbiological studies. Antibiotic treatment is controversial, but evidence suggests an effect when the diagnosis has been made correctly. We advocate antibiotic treatment in selected cases.
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PMID:[Sinusitis is common in small children]. 2125 May 3

Ten Haemophilus influenzae strains were isolated from patients aged between 1.6 - 24 years, with various diagnoses (acute meningitis, acute upper respiratory infection, otitis media and acute sinusitis). Identification was based on phenotypic and molecular characteristics; antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by diffusion method according to CLSI standards 2011 for seven antibiotics. The results of molecular testing showed that all the studied strains produced an amplicon of 1000 bp with ompP2 primers indicating that all strains were H. influenzae. For six strains, the PCR amplicon obtained with bexA specific primers, proving that the strains were capsulated. The results of phenotypic testing showed that four strains were ampicillin nonsusceptible and (beta-lactamase-positive. The virulence potential of H. influenzae clinical strains was investigated by phenotypic methods, including the assessment of the soluble virulence factors on specific media containing the biochemical substratum for the investigated enzymatic factor, as well as the adherence and invasion capacity to HeLa cells monolayer using Cravioto modified method. The studied strains exhibited mainly a diffuse adherence pattern and different adherence indexes. Interestingly, two strains isolated from the same pacient (blood and CSF) showed a different degree of invasiveness, the strain isolated from blood being 20 times more invasive than the one isolated from CSF.
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PMID:Methodology optimization and diversification for the investigation of virulence potential in Haemophilus influenzae clinical strains. 2256 63


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