Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Vaccines have given health care providers control over a substantial portion of the morbidity and mortality in the developing world. Global efforts have immunized two-thirds of the world's children with DTP and polio vaccines; 72% have received BCG and 59% measles vaccine; but only 29% of pregnant women have received two doses of tetanus toxoid. In addition, vaccines against yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, hepatitis B, rubella, and mumps and meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine are being used in specific regions of the world. New vaccine candidates will enhance the vaccine armamentarium over the next decade to include the causes of pneumonia, diarrhea, and meningitis: Haemophilus influenzae type b, pneumococcal and meningococcal protein conjugate vaccines, typhoid and rotavirus vaccine. Genetically engineered vaccine vehicles, genetic reassortants, and genetic deletions are being investigated as new vaccine candidates.
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PMID:Vaccine-preventable disease and immunization in the developing world. 219 Jan 45

In developing countries, where economic development is lacking and literacy rates are low, priority must be given to primary health care and to the establishmend of sustainable health care delivery systems. The World Health Organization's Expanded Program of Immunization was designed with the goal of immunizing all children against measles, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis, tuberculosis, and diphtheria by 1990. A second function of the immunization program is to establish a health care delivery system. Today 50% of infants receive 3 doses of diptheria/pertussis/tetanus and polio vaccines, and 70% receive at least 1 dose. Measles kills 2 million children every year. The standard strain of attenuated vaccine is given at 9 months, and 1 dose protects 95% of children for life. Tetanus kills 800,000 infants every year. The vaccine must be refrigerated, and 2 doses are essential. Tuberculosis kills 2 million children under 5 every year. The attenuated BCG vaccine should be given at birth, and a single dose confers some protection. Diphtheria is most common among poor, urban children in termperate climates, and 3 doses of toxoid at monthly intervals are recommended. Poliomyelitis paralyzes 250,000 children a year. 4 doses of live attenuated Sabin vaccine are recommended. The vaccine is very sensitive to heat. Other vaccines in use or being developed include yellow fever, meningococcus, Japanese B encephalitis, rubella, hepatitis B, cholera, rotavirus, pneumonococcus, and Haemophilus influezae. 2 problems that confront the delivery of health services, including immunization, are lack of funds and lack of access to susceptible populations. Approaches to the lack of funds problem include fee for service, taxation, beter management of existing resources, reallocation of health resources, and increased funding from donor nations. Approaches to the problem of access include vaccination whenever children come into contact with a health facility for any reason, channeling by members of the community, involvement of traditional healers and birth attendants, outreach services, mass campaigns, pulse technics, and financial incentives.
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PMID:Vaccination strategies in developing countries. 305 59

Vaccination of populations throughout the world has led to dramatic decreases in morbidity and mortality from many infectious diseases, including poliomyelitis and measles. In the United States, for example, morbidity and mortality from invasive disease from Haemophilus influenzae type b has decreased more than 99%. International travelers should ensure that they are up-to-date on their routine immunizations and then consider vaccination against other diseases based on risk. This article reviews new vaccines such as those against rotavirus, Lyme disease, and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and provides updated information on the risk of typhoid fever and the efficacy of vaccination against it. The use of hepatitis A vaccine in outbreak control, the safety of yellow fever vaccine, and the importance of protecting travelers against rabies exposure are also discussed. Vaccination is an important way for travelers to maintain their health before, during, and after travel.
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PMID:Vaccination in Travelers. 1109 18

The 12th Technical Advisory Group Meeting on Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (TAG) was held in Guatemala during September 8-12, 1997. Created in 1985 during the polio eradication campaign, TAG meets every 2 years and is the leading forum to promote regional initiatives to control and eliminate vaccine-preventable diseases. One of the group's main objectives has been to strengthen the policy dialogue upon immunization among governments in the region and participating agencies. Some of TAG's major conclusions and recommendations are presented with regard to immunization in a changing policy environment, measles eradication, poliomyelitis, neonatal tetanus, rubella and congenital rubella, hepatitis B, yellow fever, Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib), vaccines of quality, and research and development in the regional vaccine initiative.
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PMID:SVI technical advisory group meets. 1234 24

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this article is to make an analysis of the dynamics of the imunization schedule and an updating of the practical aspects of the vaccination. METHODS: The authors, based on the official recommendations, in the imunization schedule of the Infectology Department of the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics and on their experience, present practical aspects to facilitate the understanding of the dynamics of application of the calendar. RESULTS: The current calendar of the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics (SBP) is presented with a practical analysis of the vaccines BCG, hepatitis B, poliomyelitis, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), DPT and triple viral, which are also part of the Calendar of the National Program of Immunizations. Besides this, they analyze two other suitable vaccines for SBP, against varicella and hepatitis A. Finally they comment on the risk of urbanization of the yellow fever and the increasing indication of vaccination against this disease in Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: The imunization schedule should be dynamic, adapted to the epidemiologic characteristics of each country or place. The presented calendar is what is now recommended by the Infectology Department of the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics (SBP).
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PMID:[Immunization schedule: dynamics and updating] 1468 92

People with HIV+ travelling around the world comprise a unique group regarding immunological disorders which can be intensified due to, e.g. climatic and time zones. Increased exposure of vulnerable tourists to various biological factors (viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites) is hazardous to their health. Travellers are advised to active prophylaxis as far as endemic diseases of particular globe regions are concerned. Limitations in vaccine use in HIV+ travellers are due to the kind of biological material contained in preparations. Live vaccines in those with impaired immunity are limited as it is widely known. It is absolutely contraindicated to vaccinate patients with AIDS against tuberculosis, typhoid fever, and yellow fever. Killed vaccines are considered safe and recombined ones are recommended. Vaccines against HBV, HAV, Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib), influenza, and pneumococcus are indicated. However, the kind of prophylaxis should be individualized, decided by a managing physician in concord with an appropriate referential center.
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PMID:[Vaccination for HIV positive travelers]. 1580 65

Vaccines are a key contributor to public health, especially in developing countries. Despite numerous demonstrations of the cost-effectiveness of immunisation, vaccines spending accounted for only 1.7% of the total pharmaceutical market in 2002, when UNICEF estimated that 34 million children were not reached by routine immunisation, most of them in developing countries. Several international organizations or initiatives, like the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation (GAVI), have defined a long-term goal of universal immunisation in developing countries. There is an urgent need to estimate the financial resources required to meet this goal. The objective of this study was to anticipate the funding needs for childhood immunisation in developing countries over the 2004-2014 period. The study scope includes all the 75 countries eligible for support from GAVI, and covers existing vaccines that are considered as a priority for GAVI (DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis), hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type b (as a stand alone presentation or in combination with DTP) and yellow fever) as well as future vaccines (meningitis A and C, rotavirus, human papilloma virus (HPV), malaria, Streptococcus pneumoniae and tuberculosis) likely to be available within the 10-year period. We developed a methodology to estimate the number of doses required, based on disease prevalence and incidence, target populations, introduction dates of new vaccines, coverage dynamics and dosing regimen. The introduction price and price evolution of vaccines over time were modelled, taking into account the type of vaccine, the expected return on investment from vaccine manufacturers and the competitive landscape. Non-vaccine costs (capital costs and non-vaccine recurrent costs) were estimated based on the number of people immunised and number of doses dispensed, using available case studies as a reference. According to the optimal scenario that would consider the provision of all vaccines to all relevant developing countries as soon as they are available, funding requirements to cover the associated total costs over the 10-year period were estimated to be about US$ 30 billion. Vaccines-related costs represent the largest share, with estimated costs of US$ 21 billion (among which 18 billion for new vaccines), the remaining needs being split between capital costs and other recurrent costs. Accounting for the main imponderables (such as delay in vaccines launch compared to industry plans) as well as probable phasing of vaccine introduction in countries, the total costs of immunisation would be reduced to US$ 14-17 billion over the same period. Vaccines-related costs represent the largest share (US$ 7.1-9.3 billion, among which 4.3-6.5 billion for new vaccines). This study advocates for the anticipation of the substantial financial resources needed to (a) purchase and introduce these vaccines in the developing countries in order to reduce the time lag between availability in industrialised and developing countries; and (b) stimulate vaccine researchers and manufacturers to continue research and development of much needed vaccines for the developing world.
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PMID:Financial requirements of immunisation programmes in developing countries: a 2004-2014 perspective. 1597 69

Childhood vaccines have had an enormously beneficial impact on human health. Large-scale vaccination programs have controlled diseases associated with high morbidity and mortality such as poliomyelitis, smallpox, diphtheria, tetanus, yellow fever, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, measles, mumps, and rubella. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a significant source of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. In the United States, HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI), and sexually active adolescents are at particularly high risk for HPV acquisition. Genetic and epidemiologic studies have clearly demonstrated that HPV infection is a necessary cause of both cervical cancer and genital warts. More than 99% of cervical cancers contain at least one high-risk HPV type, and approximately 70% contain HPV types 16 or 18. Moreover, low-risk HPV types 6 or 11 are responsible for approximately 90% of genital warts and almost all cases of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Thus, a vaccine that could prevent HPV acquisition would have the potential to significantly reduce the incidence of both childhood and adult diseases.
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PMID:Vaccination as a prevention strategy for human papillomavirus-related diseases. 1631 Jan 36

In Senegal, the Expanded Programme of Immunization started by 1986 as a routine programme targeting 7 diseases: tuberculosis, tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, poliomyelitis, measles and recently yellow fever Immunization against hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae b are proposed since 2005, but not implemented yet. In addition, there are mass immunization campaigns, such as National Immunization Day organized every year since 1999 against poliomyelitis and, in case of outbreak, against meningitis or yellow fever. In a 30,000 inhabitants rural study zone, vaccine contacts of children under 15 years of age are updated regularly several times a year since 1984. We also performed yearly cross sectional surveys from 1999 to estimate vaccine coverage in children of 24 months of age. Immunization status was assessed by vaccination cards presented by the children's parents and registers of health centres. We compared the results from both longitudinal and cross sectional surveys, which showed some differences. The last method seemed to indicate higher immunization rates. The vaccine coverage was slightly but not significantly higher in the study zone compared to the general vaccine coverage in Senegal, excepted for measles immunization for which the coverage was significantly lower in Niakhar. However results showed that interventions of all types lead to a high vaccine coverage (up to 80%) but are not sustainable. In the intervals, vaccine coverage decreased dramatically (below 40%), due mainly to irregular supply of antigens and poor accessibility of health facilities. Other factors are mentioned.
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PMID:[Analysis of evolution of vaccine coverage in Niakhar, a rural area of Senegal, between 1984 and 2003]. 1725 59

Sickle cell disease is a genetic disease most common in blacks. We retrospectively collected records for patients with sickle cell disease who were seen from January 2002 through September 2006 to assess the care provided for this disease at Charles de Gaulle University Children's Hospital of Ouagadougou. In all, 88 patients were monitored quarterly at outpatient visits for sickle cell disease, in the absence of any crisis. Their age ranged from 6 months to 16 years, with an average age of 7. There were more boys than girls, with a sex ratio of 1.44. The distribution according to sickle cell genotype showed that SC accounted for 62% of cases, while SS forms were more frequent until the age of 5. All children have received the immunizations in the standard Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) [diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, measles and yellow fever]. The immunization rates for non-EPI vaccines including hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae B, Salmonella typhi, meningitis, pneumonia and the combined vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella ranged from 94 to 100%. A prophylactic anti-anaemic agent was made with folic acid often associated with iron. In addition, patients receive malaria chemoprophylaxis. Chloroquine was initially provided, and since 2006, children have been receiving sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. Our encouraging results deserve reinforcement in the short-term - at the local level by neonatal screening, the creation of an immunization unit, and the systematization of antibiotic prophylaxis, and in the medium-term by implementation of a National sickle cell disease programme to help meet the objective of a 40% reduction in mortality among affected children younger than 5 years by 2015, set by the Sickle Cell Disease International Organization.
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PMID:[Pediatric management of sickle cell disease: experience at the Charles de Gaulle University Children's Hospital in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)]. 1918 29


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