Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The prevalence of Haemophilus somnus in the genital tract of slaughtered and live cows in southern Ontario was investigated. The vagina and uterus of slaughtered cows were swabbed separately. Live cows were examined and sampled in two field surveys: Centre A and Centre B. In the former, aspirated mucus secretions and in the latter, specimens obtained by guarded swabbing were examined bacteriologically. Haemophilus somnus was isolated from 28 genital tracts of 461 slaughtered (6.1%), and seven of 199 live (3.5%) cows during the centre B survey. The isolates were recovered from both normal and diseased reproductive tracts. Fourteen strains isolated from genital organs were examined for pathogenicity in vivo to test the occurrence of pathogenic isolates. In the initial stage of the in vivo study on pathogenicity, each of the fourteen isolates was examined on one calf using an intracisternal inoculation. Subsequently, one pathogenic and one nonpathogenic strain were inoculated into five calves each to statistically confirm their pathogenic potential. Of 14 genital isolates of H. somnus examined in an intracisternal calf assay, six (43%) caused a fatal peracute neurological disease, while eight were nonpathogenic. A comparative pathological study of pathogenic and nonpathogenic isolates showed that the former caused a severe fatal suppurative meningoencephalitis whereas the latter caused no lesions whatsoever or a mild leukocytic leptomeningitis. The salient data obtained in this study indicate that there are pathogenic strains of H. somnus in the genital tract of apparently normal cows as well as of those with inflammatory disease.
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PMID:Isolation of pathogenic strains of Haemophilus somnus from the female bovine reproductive tract. 159 55

Histophilus ovis was isolated from 29 sheep in 20 flocks and 2 artificial insemination (AI) centres in southern New South Wales from 1984 to 1990. The clinical and pathological findings were consistent with previous reports and included polyarthritis (7 flocks), epididymo-orchitis (5), meningoencephalitis (3), pneumonia (3), septicaemia (2), mastitis (1) and metritis (1). Six sheep had meningoencephalitis, a syndrome not previously associated with H ovis infection in sheep, which was similar pathologically to thromboembolic meningoencephalitis in cattle, caused by the related organism, Haemophilus somnus. H ovis was isolated from the semen of 12-month-old rams in a flock that had polyarthritis due to H ovis, in 4-month-old ram lambs and from the uterus of a ewe in a flock that had sporadic cases of H ovis septicaemia.
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PMID:Meningoencephalitis and other conditions associated with Histophilus ovis infection in sheep. 180 44

Viable Haemophilus somnus of reproductive tract origin (OSU-1167) was inoculated transcervically into the uterus of 6 virgin heifers. Five heifers were sham-inoculated (intrauterine) with sterile mycoplasmal medium and served as controls. After inoculation and observation, all heifers had nasal and vaginal vestibular swab specimens and serum obtained periodically for 44 days. Signs of systemic illness were not detected. On the day after inoculation, all inoculated heifers had signs of vulvovaginitis, whereas none of the control heifers had similar signs (P less than 0.002). Haemophilus somnus was not isolated from any nasal or vaginal vestibular swab specimens obtained before inoculation or from any nasal swab specimens obtained after inoculation. During the 44 days after inoculation, H somnus was isolated from 25 of 54 vestibular specimens obtained from inoculated heifers and from 3 of 45 specimens obtained from controls (P less than 0.02). Vulvovaginal lesions were associated with vestibular isolation of H somnus in 23 of 25 (92%) such isolations from inoculated heifers; lesions were never associated with concurrent isolation of H somnus in controls. All heifers had H somnus microagglutination test (MAT) titer less than or equal to 256 against a commercially prepared H somnus antigen at the beginning of the study. Considered as groups, neither inoculated nor control heifers achieved fourfold increases in MAT titer during the 44 days after inoculation. When compared by day of sample collection, inoculated heifers did have significantly (P less than 0.04) lower geometric mean titer at 7 days after inoculation than did control heifers when tested by use of a commercially prepared antigen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Culture-positive persistence and serum agglutinating antibody response after intrauterine inoculation of Haemophilus somnus in virgin heifers. 277 18

Inoculation of Haemophilus equigenitalis into the uterus of 7 mares caused a disease clinically indistinguishable from contagious equine metritis. The duration of clinical signs varied from 4 to 11 days. The causative organism persisted for a relatively short time (2 to 10 weeks) in 5 mares, but in 2 others it established a carrier status and persisted until they were killed 6 and 10 months after infection. H. equigenitalis was recovered from the vestibule of the vagina and from a combined swab of the clitoral fossa and sinuses throughout the course of the infection. In some mares there were extended periods (2 weeks) when it could not be reisolated. All mares experienced a transitory serological response to infection. The complement fixation test was generally negative 12 weeks after infection whereas antibodies detected by the passive haemagglutination test and serum agglutination test were more persistent. In some animals the PHT and SAT titres increased during the breeding season following infection. The serological response did not appear to be related to the duration of infection.
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PMID:Experimental infection of mares with Haemophilus equigenitalis. 633 66

Two groups of 3 mares were inoculated with Haemophilus equigenitalis or Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the 1st day of estrus. Uterine flushing samples were recovered on day 3 of estrus and day 8 after ovulation for each cycle. Mares were killed 22, 25, and 30 days after inoculation with P aeruginosa and 45, 46, and 49 days after inoculation with H equigenitalis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was recovered from the uterus of 2 mares 48 hours after inoculation. Although the initial flushing sample of 1 of these 2 mares had an increased total protein concentration, there appeared to be little difference between protein concentrations of other uterine flushing samples. Haemophilus equigenitalis was recovered from the uterus of each of the 3 mares at postmortem. One mare had a slight, purulent discharge from the vulva. Total protein values were not increased in flushing samples from this mare after inoculation with H equigenitalis. Total protein values decreased in the last flushing sample of each of the 2 remaining mares. Swabbing the uterus was more effective than was homogenizing the uterine mucosa in isolating H equigenitalis.
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PMID:Comparison of uterine protein content and distribution of bacteria in the reproductive tract of mares after intrauterine inoculation of Haemophilus equigenitalis or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 654 61

Three strains of Hemophilus somnus were infused into the posterior cervix of six pregnant cows. The organism persisted in the cervicovaginal region for eight to 87 days, and at parturition H. somnus was isolated from chorioallantois in four of six cows; placentitis developed, and fetal membranes were retained. All calves were born alive and no H. somnus was recovered from them. One cow died 14 days after parturition. The death was attributed to severe necrotizing metritis; H. somnus was not isolated from the uterus at death, but was isolated from the placenta at parturition and cervicovaginal mucus two days days later.
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PMID:Effects of Hemophilus somnus on the pregnant bovine reproductive tract and conceptus following cervical infusion. 663 65

The unique pharmacokinetics of azithromycin are characterized by high, sustained tissue concentrations. The concentrations of azithromycin were predicted, following various multiple dose regimens, from concentrations in tonsillar, prostatic, and uterine tissues following single oral doses. Following a five-day treatment regimen (500 mg on day 1, followed by 250 mg on days 2-5), or a three-day regimen (500 mg daily for three days), concentrations of azithromycin in tonsillar tissue, representative of respiratory tract tissues, will continuously be greater than the MICs for key target pathogens (Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus) in infections of the respiratory tract for up to 10 days. Since tissue concentrations above the MICs for infecting organisms were correlated with efficacy in animal models of infection, short treatment regimens consisting of once-daily oral administration of azithromycin should be effective in the treatment of a variety of infections. A single 1 g oral dose will provide concentrations in the uterus and prostate, representing urogenital tissues, above the MIC for Chlamydia trachomatis for approximately 10 days. Thus, this regimen should be effective in the treatment of chlamydial infections of the genital tract.
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PMID:Selection of dose regimens of azithromycin . 839 95

Samples for microbiological culture were collected from the uterus of bitches using transcervical uterine cannulation (31 samples, 23 bitches) and from the uterus, cervix and vagina post mortem (19 bitches) at all stages of the reproductive cycle. Samples were cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and for aerobic mycoplasmas. Bacteria were always found in the uterus during pro-oestrus and oestrus (12 positive in 12 cultures) and rarely at other stages of the reproductive cycle: during anoestrus (one in 14) and other stages (none in 24). When microorganisms were detected at three sites post mortem, those found in the cervix and vagina were always of the same species as those found in the uterus. In six out of 13 instances, microorganisms were found in the cervix or vagina when none were found in the uterus. The mean number of isolates, number of bacteria seen in uterine cytology and bacterial growth were greater (P < 0.005) during oestrus and pro-oestrus than at other stages. Bacteria isolated from the uterus, in order of frequency, were Escherichia coli, Haemophilus species, alpha-haemolytic streptococci, Corynebacterium species, Streptococcus canis, Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacteroides species, Pasteurella species and Proteus mirabilis. No mycoplasmas were cultured from the samples. This study indicates that the uterus of the normal bitch has a uterine microflora during pro-oestrus and oestrus that is similar to that of the vagina and cervix.
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PMID:Uterine, cervical and vaginal microflora of the normal bitch throughout the reproductive cycle. 865 93

Tissue pharmacokinetics of trovafloxacin, a new broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent, were measured by positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]trovafloxacin in 16 healthy volunteers (12 men and 4 women). Each subject received a single oral dose of trovafloxacin (200 mg) daily beginning 5 to 8 days before the PET measurements. Approximately 2 h after the final oral dose, the subject was positioned in the gantry of the PET camera, and 1 h later 10 to 20 mCi of [18F]trovafloxacin was infused intravenously over 1 to 2 min. Serial PET images and blood samples were collected for 6 to 8 h, starting at the initiation of the infusion. Drug concentrations were expressed as the percentage of injected dose per gram, and absolute concentrations were estimated by assuming complete absorption of the final oral dose. In most tissues, there was rapid accumulation of the radiolabeled drug, with high levels achieved within 10 min after tracer infusion. Peak concentrations of more than five times the MIC at which 90% of the isolates are inhibited (MIC90) for most members of Enterobacteriaceae and anaerobes (>10-fold for most organisms) were achieved in virtually all tissues, and the concentrations remained above this level for more than 6 to 8 h. Particularly high peak concentrations (micrograms per gram; mean +/- standard error of the mean [SEM]) were achieved in the liver (35.06 +/- 5.89), pancreas (32.36 +/- 20. 18), kidney (27.20 +/- 10.68), lung (22.51 +/- 7.11), and spleen (21. 77 +/- 11.33). Plateau concentrations (measured at 2 to 8 h; micrograms per gram; mean +/- SEM) were 3.25 +/- 0.43 in the myocardium, 7.23 +/- 0.95 in the lung, 11.29 +/- 0.75 in the liver, 9.50 +/- 2.72 in the pancreas, 4.74 +/- 0.54 in the spleen, 1.32 +/- 0.09 in the bowel, 4.42 +/- 0.32 in the kidney, 1.51 +/- 0.15 in the bone, 2.46 +/- 0.17 in the muscle, 4.94 +/- 1.17 in the prostate, and 3.27 +/- 0.49 in the uterus. In the brain, the concentrations (peak, approximately 2.63 +/- 1.49 microg/g; plateau, approximately 0.91 +/- 0.15 microg/g) exceeded the MIC90s for such common causes of central nervous system infections as Streptococcus pneumoniae (MIC90, <0.2 microg/ml), Neisseria meningitidis (MIC90, <0.008 microg/ml), and Haemophilus influenzae (MIC90, <0.03 microg/ml). These PET results suggest that trovafloxacin will be useful in the treatment of a broad range of infections at diverse anatomic sites.
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PMID:Pharmacokinetics of [18F]trovafloxacin in healthy human subjects studied with positron emission tomography. 968 5

A study using 11 healthy, mature Holstein-Friesian heifers was designed to determine whether 1) H. somnus induces gross and/or histopathological changes of the uterine tract and embryos, 2) H. somnus has a short and/or long-term effect on the ovarian activity, 3) prior exposure to H. somnus would modulate the effect of a second exposure to the organism. Superovulated heifers were artificially iseminated 12 and 24 h after standing estrus using high-quality, Haemophilus-free semen from a single ejaculate of one bull. Control heifers (Group 1, n = 2) were infused by intrauterine route, 12 h after the second insemination, with 10 ml of 0.85% sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS) as a placebo. The treatment heifers were exposed by intrauterine infusion, 12 h after the second insemination, to approximately 1.5 x 10(9)H. somnus organisms (Iowa strain 1229) suspended in 10 ml of 0.85% sterile PBS. Group 2 (n = 2) treatment heifers were exposed 21 d prior to embryo recovery; Group 3 treatment heifers (n = 3) were exposed 5 mo prior to embryo collection; and Group 4 treatment heifers were exposed twice, 5 mo apart with the second exposure 21 d prior to embryo recovery. All animals were slaughtered and the whole genital tract was removed for pathological examination and embryo recovery. There were minimal pathological changes in the uterus. However, H. somnus significantly affected (P </= 0.001) the ovarian activity -as measured by the embryo/corpora luteum (E/CL) ratio. Treated animals developed a high number (44.4%) of cystic follicles (CF), while no control animal had a CF. These results suggest that H. somnus may have a short- and long-term effect on ovarian activity. Prior exposure to H. somnus did not protect the animals from the second exposure; in fact, it had an additive effect.
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PMID:The role of Haemophilus somnus in bovine early embryonic death. III. The effect of the organism on embryos by day 21 postbreeding. 1672 78


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