Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The observation of more than four polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) per high-power field (hpf) in gram-stained smears of urethral secretions was found to differentiate patients with urethritis from patients without urethritis. A urethral discharge was present in 78% of patients with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU). Dysuria without demonstrable urethral discharge and with fewer than four PMN/hpf did not appear to fit into the NGU spectrum. NGU is now defined to include men who have negative urethral cultures for Neisseria gonorrhoeae with a urethral discharge and/or more than four PMN/hpf in their urethral smears. The findings of more than four PMN/hpf in the urethral smears of 22%of asymptomatic sexually active men with more than one sexual partner (polygamous controls) suggests that asymptomatic NGU is not uncommon. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated significantly more frequently from the NGU study group than from the control group (P less than 0.001). This study adds Corynebacterium vaginale (Haemophilus vaginalis), group B streptococci, and yeasts to the list of sexually transmitted microorganisms that are not etiologic determinants of NGU.
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PMID:Diagnosis and etiology of nongonococcal urethritis. 21 95

Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-mycoplasma), and Hemophilus vaginalis have previously been considered possible etiological agents in nongonococcal urethritis (NGU). In this study, current C. trachomatis infection was confirmed by culture and (or) micro-immunofluorescence serology in 26 of 69 men experiencing afirst episode of NGU, and 1 of 39 with no urethritis. Serum IgM immunofluorescent antibody to chlamydia was demonstrated in 16 of 20 men with chlamydia culture positive NGU, and 3 of 39 with chlamydia culture negative NG, and none of 34 with no urethritis. 9 of 10 culture positive men with less than or equal to 10 days symptoms developed immunofluorescent antibody seroconversion in paired sera. U. realyticum was isolated significantly more often and in significantly higher concentration from first voided urine from chlamydia-negative cases of NGU than from chlamydia-positive NGU. Ureaplasmacidal antibody titers increased fourfold in six men, four of whom had negative cultures for for unreaplasma. H. vaginalis was isolated from c9 of 33 men with no urethritis and 2 of 69 with NGU. C. trachomatis is susceptible, and U. urealyticum is resistant to sulfonamides. A 10-day course of sulfisoxazole therapy produced improvement in 13 of 13 chlamydia-positive, unreaplasma-negative, and only 14 of 29 chlamydia-negative, unreaplasma-positive NGU cases (P less than 0.002). Thus, culture, serology, and response to therapy support the etiologic role of chlamydia in NGU. Quantitative culture and response to therapy suggest U. unrealyticum may cause many cases of chlamydia-netative NGU.
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PMID:Etiology of nongonococcal urethritis. Evidence for Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. 30 Jul 42

Sixty-nine Caucasian males without a previous history of urethritis and who developed nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) and 39 similar men without urethritis (NU) were cultured from the urethra for Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, aerobes, and anaerobes. C. trachomatis infection was proven by culture of serology in 26 (38%) of the NGU group and 1 (3%) of the NU group; the C. trachomatis-negative NGU group had significantly more U. urealyticum (81%) than the C. trachomatis-positive NGU group (42%) or the NU group (59%). Aerobes were isolated from significantly more NU men (91%) than from men with NGU (66%). The aerobic and anaerobic flora of the two NGU groups were similar. The NU group had significantly more aerobic lactobacilli. Haemophilus vaginalis, alpha-hemolytic streptococci (not Streptococcus faecalis), and anaerobes, predominantly Bacteroides species. This study has provided information about the prevalence and the variety of the aerobic and anaerobic microbiological flora of the anterior urethra of sexually active males. It does not implicate any bacteria other than C. trachomatis and U. urealyticum as potential causes of NGU.
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PMID:Bacteriology of the urethra in normal men and men with nongonococcal urethritis. 92 48

Azithromycin is an acid stable orally administered macrolide antimicrobial drug, structurally related to erythromycin, with a similar spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Azithromycin is marginally less active than erythromycin in vitro against Gram-positive organisms, although this is of doubtful clinical significance as susceptibility concentrations fall within the range of achievable tissue azithromycin concentrations. In contrast, azithromycin appears to be more active than erythromycin against many Gram-negative pathogens and several other pathogens, notably Haemophilus influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Urea-plasma urealyticum and Borrelia burgdorferi. Like erythromycin and other macrolides, the activity of azithromycin is unaffected by the production of beta-lactamase. However, erythromycin-resistant organisms are also resistant to azithromycin. Following oral administration, serum concentrations of azithromycin are lower than those of erythromycin, but this reflects the rapid and extensive movement of the drug from the circulation into intracellular compartments resulting in tissue concentrations exceeding those commonly seen with erythromycin. Azithromycin is subsequently slowly released, reflecting its long terminal phase elimination half-life relative to that of erythromycin. These factors allow for a single dose or single daily dose regimen in most infections, with the potential for increased compliance among outpatients where a more frequent antimicrobial regimen might traditionally be indicated. The potential disadvantage of low azithromycin serum concentrations, however, is that breakthrough bacteraemia may occur in patients who are severely ill; nevertheless, animal studies suggest that tissue concentrations of azithromycin are more important than those in serum when treating respiratory and other infections. The clinical efficacy of azithromycin has been confirmed in the treatment of infections of the lower and upper respiratory tracts (the latter including paediatric patients), skin and soft tissues (again including paediatric patients), in uncomplicated urethritis/cervicitis associated with N. gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis or U. urealyticum and in the treatment of early Lyme disease. Azithromycin was as effective as erythromycin and other commonly used drugs including clarithromycin, beta-lactams (penicillins and cephalosporins), and quinolone and tetracycline antibiotics in some of the above infections. Some patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis due to H. influenzae may be refractory to therapy with azithromycin (as is the case with erythromycin) indicating the need for physician vigilance, although it should be noted that azithromycin is of equivalent efficacy to amoxicillin in the treatment of such patients. In the therapy of urethritis/cervicitis associated with C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoea or U. urealyticum, a single dose azithromycin regimen offers a distinct advantage over currently available pharmacological options, while providing effective therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Azithromycin. A review of its antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and clinical efficacy. 128 May 67

On hundred twenty-six men who attended a hospital microbiology laboratory and 99 men who attended a private laboratory in Toulouse, France, for symptoms of urethritis were examined during 1988, for evidence of urethral pathogens. The following incidences were found: Neisseria gonorrhoeae: 24 (10.7%); Chlamydia trachomatis: 58 (25.8%); Ureaplasma urealyticum: 46 (20.4%); Gardnerella vaginalis: 21 (9.3%); Haemophilus parainfluenzae: 21 (9.3%); Streptococcus agalactiae: 15 (6.7%); Candida albicans: 10 (4.4%); and Trichomonas vaginalis: 4 (1.8%). The prevalence of these microorganisms was similar in the two groups of patients. No pathogen was isolated from 71 patients (31.6%). Mixed infections with at least two pathogens were found in 49 men (21.8%). Another goal of this study was to determine the relative prevalence of urethral pathogens in relation to clinical findings. N. gonorrhoeae was isolated significantly more often in patients who had a urethral discharge (P less than .05) that contained five or more polymorphonuclear cells per high-power field (PMN/HPF) (P less than .001). G. vaginalis was isolated significantly more often in patients who did not have an urethral discharge (P less than .05) and in men with less than five PMN/HPF (P less than .05). Isolation of C. albicans was significantly associated with pruritus (P less than .05) and balanitis (P less than .001). Like the clinical features, the gram-stained urethral smear was of limited value in diagnosis and therapeutic decision-making regarding non-gonococcal urethritis. In contrast, this study underlines the importance of full identification of urethral isolates in the management of urethritis in men.
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PMID:Clinical and microbiologic features of urethritis in men in Toulouse, France. 190 4

A multiple antibiotic resistance, beta-lactamase-producing strain of Haemophilus parainfluenzae was isolated from a patient with sexually transmitted urethritis that was contracted in Northwest Africa. The strain was found to harbor a small (3.2 megadaltons) plasmid encoding for beta-lactamase production, which was successfully mobilized to Escherichia coli in triparental mating experiments by means of a broad host-range Inc-W conjugative plasmid. Since H. parainfluenzae is believed to be a source and reservoir for the spread of beta-lactamase plasmids to other bacterial species, such a plasmid mobilization may suggest a new possible means for resistance plasmid dissemination.
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PMID:Haemophilus parainfluenzae causing sexually transmitted urethritis. Report of a case and evidence for a beta-lactamase plasmid mobilizable to Escherichia coli by an Inc-W plasmid. 194 15

In 573 urethral swabs, 3 Haemophilus influenzae (HI) and 7 Haemophilus parainfluenzae (HPI) were isolated; 7 of the patients had clinical features of urethritis and in 3 another genital pathogen was associated. Biotype IV was the predominant one in HI, and II in HPI. In 6.259 endocervical and/or vaginal swabs 15 HI and 5 HPI were isolated. Three out of the 15 females infected by HI, had clinical features of salpingitis and 8 of vaginitis; 5 of them were carriers of an IUD. In four out of the 5 females with HPI another genital pathogen coexisted, and in the fifth there was an additional non analysable isolate. Biotype I predominated in HI and biotype II in HPI.
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PMID:[Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae: etiologic agents of sexually transmitted diseases?]. 265 17

The Limulus test was carried out for endotoxin determination using a synthetic chromogenic substrate after perchloric acid(PCA) treatment to remove inhibiting substances in the blood. PCA treatment completely removed non-specific amidolytic activity and other factors which interfered with the Limulus test. The recovery of added endotoxin was about 100% irrespective of animal species. Endotoxin levels in PCA-treated blood plasma of healthy domestic animals were invariably below 1 pg ml-1. Many of the cows with gangrenous mastitis, from which Gram-negative rods were isolated, showed high endotoxin levels ranging from 22.8 to 138.0 pg ml-1. Endotoxin was also detected in the blood of cows affected with salmonellosis, colibacillosis, Haemophilus somnus infection and urethritis associated with Proteus.
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PMID:Perchloric acid treatment and use of chromogenic substrate in the Limulus test: application to veterinary diagnosis. 609 86

This report was prompted by the isolation of Haemophilus influenza from cultures of specimens from genital sites in 11 patients. All cervical, vaginal, and urethral specimens submitted to the Section of Clinical Microbiology Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, for bacterial culture are routinely inoculated onto blood agar, eosinmethylene blue (EMB) agar, chocolate blood agar, Columbia colistin-nalidixic acid (CNA) blood agar, and unless previously directly inoculated by the attending physician, modified Thayer-Martin medium. As a rule, identification and reporting of isolates is limited to Neisseria gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, Gardnerella vaginalis, beta-hemolytic streptococci, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. Cultures for anaerobic bacteria are restricted to endocervical or endometrial aspirates which are submitted to the laboratory in anaerobic transport vials. Cultures for fungi, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum are performed by specific request, as is miscroscopic examination for Trichomonas vaginalis. Haemophilus influenzae was identified with the porphyrin test according to the Kilian's taxonomic system. Genital tract specimens from 11 patients yielded H. influenzae in pure or predominant culture. 9 patients were females, of whom 4 had vaginitis, usually with a yellowish, foul smelling discharge. 2 had IUD-related endometritis and parametritis, 1 had an incomplete septic abortion, and 1 had probable urethral syndrome. 2 males had urethritis. Cultures were negative for N. gonorrhoeae in every case and for C. trachomatis in the 6 patients whose specimens were cultured for this agent. Only 2 women -- 1 with vaginitis and 1 with probable urethral syndrome -- had G. vaginalis in cultures of vaginal secretions, while U. urealyticum was isolated from vaginal or cervical secretions of 3 of 4 women cultured for the organism.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae in genitourinary tract infections. 660 36

Haemophilus parainfluenzae was isolated from the urethral discharge of a man with urethritis. The patient responded favorably to treatment with amoxicillin. Although the facts suggest that this case of urethritis may have been caused by H. parainfluenzae, a possible etiologic role of other microorganisms is not ruled out.
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PMID:Urethritis associated with Haemophilus parainfluenzae: a case report. 684 18


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