Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

PCR was introduced in 1985 by Mullis and was immediately recognized as a valuable tool in biomedical research and was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1993. Two culture-negative meningitis cases are described where Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis were found by 16SRNA-PCR. The modern real time PCR technology using fluorescent probes (hybridization probes, lightup probes, molecular beacons etc) for detection of the PCR-product or on DNA microarray chips, is under development for routine use. Multiplex technology can be used to simultaneously detect multiple microorganisms as well as resistance genes. Using super-convection with ultracentrifugation high-speed PCR, results can be obtained in 10 minutes and the amplificate can also be analyzed by DNA-sequencing to achieve species identification as well as detection of resistance gene mutations. The technique has mainly been applied to viruses, but is now slowly adapted to bacteria, fungi, protozoa and helminths. PCR is especially well suited for slow growing bacteria like Mycobacteria, fastidious organisms like Bartonella and contagious agents like tularemia, but also for malaria and fungi, where the advantages in sensitivity and speed can be exploited. The limit for application to routine analysis will depend on the development of simple and fast procedures for nucleic acid extraction, as well as interpretation of the PCR analysis per se, since highly efficient thermocyclers now are on the markets.
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PMID:[Microbial diagnosis with PCR will become clinically beneficial with a faster analysis]. 1515 Sep 50

Respiratory infections are responsible for up to 11% of febrile infections in travellers or immigrants from tropical and subtropical regions. The main pathogens are the same as in temperate climate zones: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, influenza viruses, Legionella pneumophila. However, some pulmonary diseases can be attributed to bacterial, parasitic, viral or fungal pathogens that are endemic in tropical and subtropical regions. The most commonly imported infections are malaria, dengue, and tuberculosis. Pulmonary symptoms and eosinophilia in returning travellers and migrants may be caused by several parasitic infections such as Katayama syndrome, Loeffler syndrome, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, amebiasis, paragonimiasis, echinococcosis, and toxocariasis. In Asia, Tsutsugamushi fever is transmitted by chiggers, spotted fever rickettsiae are transmitted by ticks. Transmission of zoonotic diseases occurs mainly via contact with infected animals or their excretions, human-to-human transmission is generally rare: MERS-CoA (dromedary camels), pulmonary hantavirus infection (rodents), tularemia (rabbits and hares), leptospirosis (rats), Q-fever (sheep and goats), very rarely anthrax (hides of ruminants) and pest (infected rats and wildlife). Inhalation of contaminated dust can cause infections with dimorphic fungi: histoplasmosis (bat guano) and coccidioidomycosis in America and parts of Africa, blastomycosis in America. Some infections can cause symptoms years after a stay in tropical or subtropical regions (melioidosis, tuberculosis, histoplasmosis, schistosomiasis-associated pulmonary hypertension). Noninfectious respiratory diseases caused by inhalation of high amounts of air pollution or toxic dusts may also be considered.
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PMID:[Travel-associated pneumonias]. 2529 Sep 23