Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cefixime (CFIX) was evaluated clinically in pediatric respiratory tract infections, particularly those caused by Haemophilus influenzae: 1. The total number of children in this study treated with CFIX was 232, out of which 215 cases were evaluated for clinical efficacy and 224 cases were investigated for safety. A daily dosage of 3-6 mg/kg/day was given divided into 2 to 3 times daily for 3-15 days. 2. Causative organisms were identified in 146 cases, out of which 128 cases were found to be single microbial infections and 18 cases were mixed infections. In single microbial infections, clinical efficacy was 100% for those caused by H. influenzae/Haemophilus parainfluenzae, and was 95% for Streptococcus pyogenes with an overall efficacy of 96.9%. In mixed infections, the clinical efficacy was 100% for those caused by a combination of H. influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and the overall rate was 94.4%. An involvement of H. influenzae was observed in 108 cases with a clinical efficacy rate of 99.1%, and definite involvement of beta-lactamase secreting strains of H. influenzae was found in 32 cases with a clinical efficacy of 96.9%. 3. Bacteriological effect was studied for 164 strains identified in 146 cases, and eradication rates were 89.5% for H. influenzae, 100% for H. parainfluenzae and S. pyogenes, and 71.4% for S. pneumoniae. The overall eradication rate was 91.4%. Superinfection was observed in 21 cases. MICs against 78 strains of H. influenzae were in a range of less than or equal to 0.10 microgram/ml regardless of beta-lactamase production, and far superior to cefaclor and amoxicillin. MICs against S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae were in ranges of less than or equal to 0.10 microgram/ml and 0.39 micrograms/ml, respectively. 4. Clinical efficacy was 93.0% in 215 cases (excellent: 136, good: 64, fairly good: 10, poor: 5). CFIX attained a high efficacy in the range of 89.4-95.7% in acute pharyngitis, acute tonsillitis, acute bronchitis and acute pneumonia. 5. Safety was monitored in 224 cases and there were only one case of loose stool and another of diarrhea as side effects. There were no abnormal findings in 31 cases of the laboratory test. In conclusion, it was confirmed that CFIX is excellent and safe in the treatment of the respiratory tract infections.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of cefixime in pediatric respiratory tract infections]. 204 Nov 46

Oral ciprofloxacin has been shown to be effective in the treatment of infections due to gram-positive cocci and gram-negative rods. The efficacy and safety of intravenous ciprofloxacin was compared with that of intravenous ceftazidime in the treatment of 59 patients with well-documented serious infections in a prospective, controlled, randomized study with a third-party blinding. Thirty-three patients were treated with intravenous ciprofloxacin (200 mg every 12 hours, plus a daily extra placebo dose); 26 patients were treated with ceftazidime (1 g every eight hours). The severity of the infections, underlying diseases, and demographic features were comparable in both groups, although there were more men in the ciprofloxacin group. For ciprofloxacin/ceftazidime treatments, respectively, the evaluated infections were: pyelonephritis (16 patients/nine patients), pneumonia (three/five), soft-tissue infections (four/zero), spontaneous peritonitis (five/two), primary bacteremia (three/eight), and other (two/two). Isolated pathogens included: Escherichia coli (22/12), Klebsiella sp. (five/four), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (two/three), Haemophilus influenzae (one/one), Proteus mirabilis (two/zero), Proteus vulgaris (one/zero), Salmonella sp. (zero/two), Plesiomonas shigelloides (one/zero), and others (one/four). The clinical responses were cure or improvement in 31 ciprofloxacin cases/21 ceftazidime cases; failure, zero/four; and indeterminate, two/one. The bacteriologic responses were eradication in 28 ciprofloxacin cases/22 ceftazidime cases; persistence, one/three; and indeterminate, four/one. Mild intolerance occurred in three ciprofloxacin cases and two ceftazidime cases. A mild increase in serum hepatic enzymes was observed in two patients in each group. Superinfections occurred in five patients: enterococcal septicemia (zero/two) and urinary tract infections (one/two). The results presented suggest that intravenous ciprofloxacin is an effective and safe antimicrobial agent for the treatment of serious infections, with an efficacy comparable with that of ceftazidime, a broad-spectrum cephalosporin. An additional advantage seems to be a lower rate of superinfections.
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PMID:Intravenous ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime in serious infections. A prospective, controlled clinical trial with third-party blinding. 268 25

Superinfection of growing (nontransformable) cells of defectively lysogenic strains of Haemophilus influenzae with wild-type or with mutant phage HP1 resulted in a number of double lysogens and a small number of monolysogens with altered prophage. The double lysogens were identified by analysis of their monolysogenic segregants and by examining their deoxyribonucleic acid in certain test crosses. The results indicate that the majority had been formed by insertion of the infecting phage genome within the resident prophage. Superinfection of transformable bacteria gave rise to cells with altered prophages (presumably transformants) and to double lysogens which had gained or lost wild-type prophage loci.
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PMID:Influence of transformability on the formation of superinfection double lysogens in Haemophilus influenzae. 554 25

Thirty-five patients underwent 38 treatment courses with cefotaxime. Documented infections included 11 bacteremias, 7 cases of nosocomial pneumonia, 6 surgical wound infections, 3 bone infections, 1 biliary infection, and 1 urinary tract infection. Granulocytopenic patients with fever received 15 courses of empiric cefotaxime therapy alone; in 8 courses, no definite site of infection or pathogen was isolated. Broad-spectrum antibiotics had been administered to 23 patients before cefotaxime. Thirty-seven bacterial pathogens were isolated from 25 patients. Three such pathogens were resistant to cefotaxime and required alternative therapies. Pathogenic isolates included 13 Serratia marcescens, 12 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 4 Escherichia coli, 2 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 2 Providencia stuartii, 1 Enterobacter cloacae, 1 Haemophilus influenzae, 1 Enterococcus, and 1 Staphylococcus aureus. Of the treatment courses, 25 of 38 resulted in a favorable response to cefotaxime, including 9 of 15 in granulocytopenic patients. Superinfection was seen in one patient. The emergence of resistance was documented in another patient. Of 15 patients with multiply resistant pathogens, 12 improved with cefotaxime. Of 12 patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 6 favorably responded. Possible complications of cefotaxime were observed in 14 of 42 treatment courses. Cefotaxime is most useful in treatment of infections due to multiply resistant, gram-negative pathogens other than Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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PMID:Clinical efficacy of cefotaxime in serious infections. 628 2

In a multicenter, community-based study involving more than 300 primary care physicians in the United States, the efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin were compared in the treatment of patients with complicated or severe acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (i.e., those who had failed previous antibiotic treatment within the prior 2 to 4 weeks; those with susceptibility data suggestive of a resistant pathogen; those having three or more acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis [AECB] within the past year; and those having three or more comorbid conditions). Patients were randomized to either ciprofloxacin (CIP) 750 mg BID or clarithromycin (CLR) 500 mg BID, both administered for 10 days; all patients were treated on an outpatient basis. Clinical response at the end of therapy was the primary efficacy variable. An interim analysis was performed on the results from 743 patients (369 CIP, 374 CLR) with clinical and bacteriologic evidence of a bronchopulmonary infection who had completed an ongoing study as of the end of May 1997. Three hundred nine pathogens were isolated before therapy, including Haemophilus spp (75 isolates), Moraxella catarrhalis (67 isolates), Staphylococcus aureus (55 isolates), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (23 isolates). Seven hundred eighteen patients (97%) were included in the efficacy-valid population. Clinical success at the end of therapy was observed in 90% (272 of 302) and 88% (274 of 313) of efficacy-valid patients treated with CIP and CLR, respectively (95% confidence interval [CI] = -2.4 to 7.6). Corresponding rates for the intent-to-treat population were also 90% (283 of 314) and 88% (281 of 321), respectively (95% CI = -2.3 to 7.5). The bacteriologic response for efficacy-valid patients at the end of therapy was 98% (119 of 122) for CIP-treated and 93% (103 of 111) for CLR-treated patients (95% CI = -0.8 to 10.2). The eradication rates for the three most commonly isolated gram-negative pathogens were 100% for CIP-treated and 95% for CLR-treated patients and 96% each for the two most commonly isolated gram-positive organisms. Superinfections due to respiratory tract pathogens were more common in the CLR group (10 organisms) than in the CIP group (4 organisms). Seventy-four (20%) CIP-treated and 62 (17%) CLR-treated patients reported 118 and 103 respective study-emergent adverse events. Headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting in CIP-treated patients and diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and taste perversion in CLR-treated patients were the most commonly reported adverse events. Treatment of patients with complicated or severe AECB with CIP 750 mg BID was associated with rates of clinical success and bacteriologic eradication similar to those with CLR.
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PMID:Efficacy of ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin in acute bacterial exacerbations of complicated chronic bronchitis: interim analysis. Bronchitis Study Group. 938 86

Although controversial, antimicrobial therapy for the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB) appears beneficial in patients with a history of repeated infections, those who have comorbid illnesses, and those with marked airway obstruction. In a community-based, open, randomized trial, the efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin (CIP) 750 mg and clarithromycin (CLA) 500 mg, each given twice daily for 10 days, were compared in 2180 patients with AECB (1083 CIP, 1097 CLA). Patients were >40 years of age and had complicated/severe AECB episodes defined as at least three episodes within the past year, at least three comorbid conditions, previous failed antibiotic treatment for AECB within the previous 2 to 4 weeks, or community susceptibility data indicating a high number of resistant pathogens. Significant bacterial isolates (>10(5) colony-forming units per milliliter) from homogenized sputa were identified. Susceptibility to a range of antimicrobials was determined by the microbroth dilution technique. The majority of patients were white (83%) and were current or previous smokers (81%). Mean patient age was 62 years. A history of at least three AECB episodes in the previous year was reported by 54% of CIP-treated patients and 53% of CLA-treated patients. Of 777 primary isolates positively identified and cultured from 673 patients, the bacterial pathogens isolated and their incidence included Haemophilus species, 28%; Moraxella catarrhalis, 18%; Enterobacteriaceae, 18%; Staphylococcus aureus, 17%; Streptococcus pneumoniae, 7%; and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 4%. Beta-lactamase production was found in 38% of Haemophilus influenzae, 10% of Haemophilus parainfluenzae, and 85% of M catarrhalis isolates. Thirty-four percent of S pneumoniae isolates were resistant to penicillin (minimum inhibitory concentration > or =0.12 mg/L). Among the 673 patients who were valid for clinical assessment and had a pretherapy pathogen isolated, clinical success and overall bacteriologic eradication rates at the end of therapy were 93% and 98% for CIP versus 90% and 96% for CLA. The differences between CIP and CLA did not reach statistical significance. Superinfections were reported significantly more frequently in CLA-treated (3%) versus CIP-treated patients (1%). Eradication rates for specific organisms for CIP and CLA, respectively, were Haemophilus species, 99% and 93%; M catarrhalis, 99% and 100%; S pneumoniae, 91% and 92%; and Enterobacteriaceae, 100% and 95%. Drug-related adverse events occurred in 12% of CIP-treated patients and 10% of CLA-treated patients. CIP 750 mg b.i.d. had a higher (but not statistically significant) clinical and bacteriologic cure rate than CLA 500 mg b.i.d. in the treatment of patients with bacteriologically proven complicated/severe AECB. The causative bacterial pathogens of AECB appear to be evolving, with a predominance of gram-negative and other resistant organisms observed. Thus antibiotic therapy for at-risk patients with AECB should include agents that have activity against gram-negative pathogens.
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PMID:Etiology, susceptibility, and treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of complicated chronic bronchitis in the primary care setting: ciprofloxacin 750 mg b.i.d. versus clarithromycin 500 mg b.i.d. Bronchitis Study Group. 982 41

We prospectively investigated the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia among adult patients admitted to three general hospitals over one year. Antibody titers to Chlamydia pneumoniae were also measured by ELISA method to investigate the incidence and clinical pictures of C. pneumoniae pneumonia in Japan. Two hundred and fourteen patients were enrolled in the study. Seventeen patients (7.9%) satisfied the criteria for diagnosis of acute infection due to C. pneumoniae by ELISA method. C. pneumoniae was the 3rd leading causative agent following Streptococcus pneumoniae (21.5%) and Haemophilus influenzae (8.4%). Preexisting antibodies were detected in 62.1% of the patients. Most of the patients with C. pneumoniae pneumonia were aged, and had comorbidities of respiratory system. Superinfection with bacterial pneumonia was recognized in some patients. Though there are several problems, ELISA method is thought to be useful to diagnose C. pneumoniae pneumonia, and is suitable for screening tests.
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PMID:[Multicenter screening of Chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia by ELISA method]. 1007 4