Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of immunisation programmes that have existed for several decades in developed countries are demonstrated by the decrease and even eradication of smallpox, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps and hepatitis B. Cost, health policy and spontaneous evolution in the incidence of communicable diseases have a decisive influence on the use of a vaccine. Investment in vaccination policy has to be encouraged to maintain this progress made in the control of infectious diseases and to meet new challenges. Studies re-evaluating ongoing immunisation programmes are scarce. Nevertheless, it can be concluded that for vaccination against hepatitis B in professionally exposed at-risk populations, arguments for positive returns are consistent. The same holds for vaccination against S. pneumoniae and for influenza virus in the elderly. The results of the economic evaluation of revaccination against measles, when insufficient coverage exists, are inconclusive. Universal vaccination of children against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and of children of hepatitis B-positive mothers against hepatitis may require costs to be paid in order to gain extra health benefits.
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PMID:Pharmacoeconomics of immunisation: a review. 1014 92

Eradication is the permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent as a result of deliberate efforts; intervention measures are no longer needed. To date, the only infectious disease that has been eradicated is smallpox. Poliomyelitis is targeted for eradication by the year 2000, and the eradication initiative is well under way, with the Western Hemisphere certified as being polio-free and more than one year having passed since polio cases occurred in the Western Pacific Region of the World Health Organization. A review of the technical feasibility of eradicating other diseases preventable by vaccines currently licensed for civilian use in the United States indicates that measles, hepatitis B, mumps, rubella, and possibly disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b are potential candidates. From a practical point of view, measles seems most likely to be the next target. Global capacity to undertake eradication is limited, and care must be taken to ensure that a potential measles eradication effort does not impede achievement of polio eradication. Even in the absence of eradication, major improvements in control are both feasible and necessary with existing vaccines. New and improved vaccines may give further possibilities of eradication in the future. Eradication represents the ultimate in sustainability and social justice.
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PMID:Eradication of vaccine-preventable diseases. 1035 57

The first scientific attempts to control an infectious disease can be attributed to Edward Jenner, who, in 1796 inoculated an 8-year-old boy with cowpox (vaccinia), giving the boy protection against subsequent challenge with virulent smallpox. Thanks to the successful development of vaccines, many major diseases, such as diphtheria, poliomyelitis and measles, are nowadays kept under control, and in the case of smallpox, the dream of eradication has been fulfilled. Yet, there is a growing need for improvements of existing vaccines in terms of increased efficacy and improved safety, besides the development of completely new vaccines. Better technological possibilities, combined with increased knowledge in related fields, such as immunology and molecular biology, allow for new vaccination strategies. Besides the classical whole-cell vaccines, consisting of killed or attenuated pathogens, new vaccines based on the subunit principle, have been developed, e.g. the Hepatitis B surface protein vaccine and the Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine. Recombinant techniques are now dominating in the strive for an ideal vaccine, being safe and cheap, heat-stable and easy to administer, preferably single-dose, and capable of inducing broad immune response with life-long memory both in adults and in infants. This review will describe different recombinant approaches used in the development of novel subunit vaccines, including design and production of protein immunogens, the development of live delivery systems and the state-of-the-art for nucleic acids vaccines.
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PMID:Production of recombinant subunit vaccines: protein immunogens, live delivery systems and nucleic acid vaccines. 1048 12

The 20th century has witnessed many important events in the control of infectious diseases that mostly affect children. In addition to the eradication of smallpox, the interruption of poliomyelitis transmission in many countries with a distinct possibility of its eradication by the turn of this century are some of the major achievements. Also, the rates of other vaccine preventable diseases such as measles, pertussis and diphtheria have gone down significantly. The discovery and use of vaccines have made it possible to save approximately 8 million deaths, annually. This is in addition to the reduction in millions of children's suffering and disability. It is now important to build on these gains through adequate utilisation of other vaccines e.g., hepatitis B, typhoid and Haemophilus influenzae type b that are currently available, but in limited use. But, a high level of coverage for any vaccination programme is a pre-requisite to witness the effective reduction of the specific disease against which child population is vaccinated. This paper reviews the coverage levels by surveys in the last 3 years. It has been observed that vaccination coverage levels are falling. Keeping the promises of immunising every child to fulfill his/her right is the need of the hour. To achieve this the major action points are: (a) The need for organising fixed immunisation sessions at the community, where low proportion of sessions are held; and (b) The need to improve demand generation activities where the coverage is poor despite better service availability at the community level. Therefore, the challenge for the next century is to make sure that the enormous impact of vaccines on the health and well-being of the population is maintained as well as expanded. Vaccines that effectively prevent rotavirus diarrhoea, pneumococcal pneumonia, menigococcal meningitis, if made available, could prevent deaths up to two million a year. Research efforts are currently under progress to develop new vaccines against malaria, tuberculosis, shigella-induced dysentery, and Esch coli-induced diarrhoea.
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PMID:Trends and determinants of immunisation coverage in India. 1101 38

Based on analysis of eleven-year intense epidemiological intervention against smallpox, a number of findings and demands ensued which should be met by an infectious disease to be included into the programme of eradication or elimination. The author mentions several episodes from the programme of smallpox eradication in which he participated as a member of a WHO team. Part of the paper is a detailed explanation of the terms eradication and elimination. The main part of the article is a characteristic of infections where the global programme of eradication or elimination is underway. At present the eradication of poliomyelitis and dracunculiasis is completed and elimination of tetanus of neonates as well as leprosy, all by the year 2000. By 2010 measles, possibly German measles and mumps should be eradicated and possibly leprosy and Chagas' disease and onchocerciasis should be eliminated. Also for other infections such as lymphatic filariasis, trachoma and non-veneric treponematoses more remote terms are given or are not yet given. Depending on the decision of WHO on the programme of global eradication, under precisely defined conditions seven other infections may be included: cysticercosis (Taenia solium), diseases caused by Haemophilus influenzae b, viral hepatitis A, rotavirus enteritis, diphtheria, whooping cough and tuberculosis. In the case of viral hepatitis B only elimination is foreseen.
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PMID:[Eradication of contagious diseases]. 1103 69

Immunizations in man may act upon the infectious diseases development in three evolutive patterns: eradication, elimination, or disease control. Since the eradication of smallpox, very few diseases are at present candidates for a next eradication; poliomyelitis will be the first, perhaps followed by measles in many years. In spite of efficacious vaccines and a solely human reservoir, the eradication requires very strict conditions. However some diseases have been recently successfully eliminated: poliomyelitis (Americas, Europe, West Pacific regions), measles (i.e. Finland, United States), rubella (i.e. Finland). In spite of some limits, diphtheria, pertussis, hepatitis B are well controlled providing to get a sufficient vaccine coverage and to improve a sustained surveillance of those diseases. Regarding Haemophilus influenzae b, infections it is premature to predict a near elimination and the control is not yet well defined. National and regional programs have often to improve immunisation coverage and a better surveillance.
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PMID:[Eradication of infectious diseases and vaccination]. 1150 63

Although the development of antimicrobial drugs has advanced rapidly in the past several years, such agents act against only certain groups of microbes and are associated with increasing rates of resistance. These limitations of treatment force physicians to continue to rely on prevention, which is more effective and cost-effective than therapy. From the use of the smallpox vaccine by Jenner in the 1700s to the current concerns about biologic warfare, the technology for vaccine development has seen numerous advances. The currently available vaccines for viral illnesses include Dryvax for smallpox; the combination measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine; inactivated vaccine for hepatitis A; plasma-derived vaccine for hepatitis B; and the live attenuated Oka strain vaccine for varicella zoster. Vaccines available against bacterial illnesses include those for anthrax, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis. Currently in development for both prophylactic and therapeutic purposes are vaccines for HIV, herpes simplex virus, and human papillomavirus. Other vaccines being investigated for prevention are those for cytomegalovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, hepatitis C, and dengue fever, among many others. Fungal and protozoan diseases are also subjects of vaccine research. Among immunoglobulins approved for prophylactic and therapeutic use are those against cytomegalovirus, hepatitis A and B, measles, rabies, and tetanus. With this progress, it is hoped that effective vaccines soon will be developed for many more infectious diseases with cutaneous manifestations.
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PMID:Vaccines and immunotherapies for the prevention of infectious diseases having cutaneous manifestations. 1503 1

Not many inventions in medical history have influenced our society as much as vaccination. The concept is old and simple. When Edward Jenner published his work on cowpox, "variolation" was quite common. In this procedure, pus of patients with mild smallpox was transferred to healthy individuals. Meanwhile smallpox has been eradicated worldwide. Diseases such as poliomyelitis, diphtheria or tetanus almost disappeared in industrialized countries. The same happened with epiglottitis and meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) after vaccination against Hib was introduced in Switzerland in 1990. This success was possible because of routine vaccination. Immunization is a save procedure and adverse events are much lower than complications in the natural course of the prevented diseases. However vaccinations were accused to cause diseases themselves such as asthma, multiple sclerosis, diabetes mellitus, chronic arthritis or autism. Hitherto no large cohort study or case-control-study was able to proof responsibility of vaccines in any of these diseases. Public media are eager to publish early data from surveillance reports or case reports which are descriptive and never a principle of cause and effect. In large controlled trials there was no proof that vaccination causes asthma, hepatitis-B-vaccination causes multiple sclerosis or macrophagic myofasciitis, Hib-vaccination causes diabetes mellitus, rubella-vaccination causes chronic arthritis, measles-mumps-rubella-vaccination causes gait disturbance or thiomersal causes autism. These results are rarely published in newspapers or television. Thus, many caring parents are left with negative ideas about immunization. Looking for the best for their children they withhold vaccination and give way to resurgence of preventable diseases in our communities. This must be prevented. There is more evidence than expected that vaccination is safe and this can and must be told to parents.
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PMID:[Does vaccination cause disease?]. 1627 33

Childhood vaccines have had an enormously beneficial impact on human health. Large-scale vaccination programs have controlled diseases associated with high morbidity and mortality such as poliomyelitis, smallpox, diphtheria, tetanus, yellow fever, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, measles, mumps, and rubella. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a significant source of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. In the United States, HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI), and sexually active adolescents are at particularly high risk for HPV acquisition. Genetic and epidemiologic studies have clearly demonstrated that HPV infection is a necessary cause of both cervical cancer and genital warts. More than 99% of cervical cancers contain at least one high-risk HPV type, and approximately 70% contain HPV types 16 or 18. Moreover, low-risk HPV types 6 or 11 are responsible for approximately 90% of genital warts and almost all cases of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Thus, a vaccine that could prevent HPV acquisition would have the potential to significantly reduce the incidence of both childhood and adult diseases.
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PMID:Vaccination as a prevention strategy for human papillomavirus-related diseases. 1631 Jan 36

This, the second report on vaccine preventable diseases and vaccination coverage in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, brings together the relevant sources of routinely collected data on vaccine preventable diseases--notifications, hospitalisations, deaths, and childhood and adult vaccination coverage. As a result of continued improvements in the collection of data on Indigenous status, this second report is considerably more comprehensive, with data available from more jurisdictions, and more detailed presentation, including time trends and vaccination coverage by jurisdiction. Vaccination coverage data provide evidence of successful program delivery and highlight some areas for improvement. For universally funded vaccines in children, coverage is similar in Indigenous and non-Indigenous children by 24 months of age. However, delayed vaccination is more common in Indigenous children, with 6%-8% fewer children fully vaccinated at 12 months of age. More timely vaccination, particularly within the first six months of life, is particularly important in reducing the disproportionate burdens of disease due to pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). For vaccination programs targeted specifically at Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and adults, coverage is substantially lower than for those programs targeted at all Australians. This is true for hepatitis A and polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine for children, and influenza and polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine for adults. Targeted vaccination programs present a particular challenge for health services in urban areas. Nevertheless, the impact of vaccination programs in preventing disease and reducing the disparity of disease burden between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous people has been substantial. This is evident in data on notifications, hospitalisations and deaths. Diseases which, in the past, have had devastating and often disproportionately high impact on Indigenous people, such as diphtheria, measles, poliomyelitis, smallpox and tetanus, are now completely or almost completely absent from Australia. Hepatitis B infection, another disease responsible for high levels of infection and substantial serious illness and death in the pre-vaccine era, is also now well controlled in age groups eligible for vaccination. Although invasive Hib disease is now rare in Australia since the introduction of vaccination in 1993, higher rates of disease persist in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children. More research is needed into the contribution of environmental factors, delayed vaccination and vaccine failure to this continued disparity. Hepatitis A has disproportionately affected Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in the past. Vaccination programs in north Queensland and in various other countries have been very successful in reducing the burden of hepatitis A. It is too early to assess the impact of the vaccination program for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children that commenced in regions outside north Queensland in November 2005. For some other diseases the situation is more complicated. The substantial impact of the national meningococcal C vaccination program since 2003 is evident in this report, although the higher proportion of non-vaccine preventable serotype B disease in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people underlines the need for a new vaccine to cover this serotype. Pneumonia remains the most important communicable disease contributor to premature mortality in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people of all ages. In young Indigenous adults, the eightfold higher rate of hospitalisation compared with their non-Indigenous peers, and the 11-fold higher rate of invasive pneumococcal disease, suggest the need for more widespread use of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines in this age group. Current coverage for Indigenous 15-49 year olds, where influenza and pneumococcal vaccines are funded only for those with risk factors, is low even though some 70% of this age group have one or more risk factors. Overall, the data presented in this report provide powerful evidence for the impact of vaccines in reducing disease in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, and also point to areas for further improvement. Immunisation programs are an example of how preventive health programs in general can be enhanced to close the gap in morbidity and mortality between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians.
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PMID:Vaccine preventable diseases and vaccination coverage in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, Australia 2003 to 2006. 1871 98


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