Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In 1993, the Childhood Immunization Initiative (CII) established disease elimination goals for six childhood vaccine-preventable diseases. Specific goals for 1996 include elimination of indigenous transmission of measles, rubella (and congenital rubella syndrome [CRS]), poliomyelitis (polio) caused by wild poliovirus, and diphtheria in all age groups; elimination of tetanus in children aged < 15 years; and elimination of invasive disease due to Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) in children aged < 5 years. This report summarizes progress toward reaching these goals during January-August 1994, compares these findings with those from the same period during 1993, and provides information about mumps and pertussis--diseases for which reduction goals will be established.
 ...
PMID:Update: childhood vaccine-preventable diseases--United States, 1994. 809 Jan 60

In the United States, children are routinely vaccinated against nine diseases--diphtheria, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), hepatitis B, measles, mumps, pertussis, poliomyelitis (paralytic), rubella, and tetanus. Based on public health surveillance and epidemiologic assessment of most of these diseases, the impact of childhood vaccination on reported occurrence has been substantial: provisional surveillance data for 1993 indicate that for five of these diseases and for congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), the number of reported cases is at or near the lowest levels ever, suggesting near interruption of transmission of these diseases. This report presents provisional data for December 1993 for these 10 diseases, compares provisional data for 1993 with final data for 1992, and describes the Childhood Immunization Initiative (CII).
 ...
PMID:Reported vaccine-preventable diseases--United States, 1993, and the childhood immunization initiative. 829 25

In contrast to the 1980s, immunization rates increased dramatically in the United States in the mid-1990s. Three-quarters of all 2-year-olds had received all recommended immunizations in 1997 as compared to just over one-half in 1992. Immunization rates for individual vaccines have reached 90 percent for three of the vaccines--measles, mumps, rubella; pollo; and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). The vaccine for diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis, however, and the newer vaccine for hepatitis B have not yet reached 90 percent of 2-year-olds. The rising immunization levels in young children have resulted in declining incidence of almost all of the vaccine-preventable illnesses. Cases of measles and Hib have declined 95 percent and the incidence of rubella and congenital rubella, hepatitis B and mumps has also declined. Pertussis (whooping cough), however, continued its pattern of periodic increases and decreases. This lack of improvement is probably due to a combination of lower immunization levels for pertussis and waning immunity in previously immunized adolescents and young adults. Federal efforts such as the President's Childhood Immunization Initiative along with its Vaccines for Children program have been credited for a great deal of this improvement. These programs increased public awareness of the need for and access to immunizations, better tracking of immunizations and vaccine-preventable illnesses and have also removed cost barriers to receipt of such protection. At the same time, new vaccines (against chickenpox and rotavirus) and safer versions of older vaccines (pertussis) have been brought into widespread use. Children can now be vaccinated against increasing varieties of childhood diseases. While progress in immunization has been good, areas in need of improvement remain. Pertussis continues to be a problem both in terms of incidence and immunization levels. Also, immunization levels differ significantly by poverty level and race and ethnicity. Black, Hisparic, American Indian and Asian children are less likely to be fully immunized than non-Hispanic white children and poor children are less likely to be fully immunized than nonpoor children.
 ...
PMID:Immunization and vaccine-preventable illness, United States, 1992 to 1997. 1032 22

Summarized in this article are the major recommendations of the Fourteenth Meeting of the Caribbean Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) Managers held in Castries, Saint Lucia, in November 1997. The emphasis of the meeting was surveillance of measles, poliomyelitis, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome. Although the English-speaking Caribbean has been free of indigenous measles transmission for 6 years and global eradication of poliomyelitis is achievable, the risk of disease importation remains. Average immunization coverage rates for all 19 countries in the Caribbean region were: DPT, 89%; OPV, 89%; measles-containing vaccine, 92%; and BCG, 95%. Pockets of low coverage remain in remote rural areas and dense urban areas and immunization rates are below 90% in Suriname, Grenada, Guyana, and Belize. Two new vaccines--hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type b--are being administered by the private sector in the English-speaking Caribbean and will be available through the public sector within 3 years. Many Caribbean countries have already developed surveillance systems for adverse events following immunizations.
 ...
PMID:Caribbean meeting stresses surveillance. 1229 6

The 12th Technical Advisory Group Meeting on Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (TAG) was held in Guatemala during September 8-12, 1997. Created in 1985 during the polio eradication campaign, TAG meets every 2 years and is the leading forum to promote regional initiatives to control and eliminate vaccine-preventable diseases. One of the group's main objectives has been to strengthen the policy dialogue upon immunization among governments in the region and participating agencies. Some of TAG's major conclusions and recommendations are presented with regard to immunization in a changing policy environment, measles eradication, poliomyelitis, neonatal tetanus, rubella and congenital rubella, hepatitis B, yellow fever, Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib), vaccines of quality, and research and development in the regional vaccine initiative.
 ...
PMID:SVI technical advisory group meets. 1234 24