Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Bacterial respiratory tract infections occur frequently in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and may be caused by a wide variety of pathogens. Pneumonia is the most commonly diagnosed respiratory infection in HIV-infected persons and is more common in those persons than in non-HIV-infected ones. HIV-infected persons have a much higher risk of pneumococcal disease than do noninfected controls, and disease may occur relatively early in the course of HIV infection. While mortality associated with the disease does not seem to be high among HIV-infected persons, there is a higher rate of recurrence of the disease in that population. Risk factors for pneumococcal disease in HIV-infected persons are not well characterized. Though efficacy data are limited, the 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine is recommended for use early in the course of HIV infection. There are no data suggesting that HIV-infected persons should be revaccinated routinely. Antiretroviral agents may enhance the immunologic response to the polysaccharide vaccine. Prophylactic antibiotics may have a role in preventing recurrences of severe bacterial respiratory infections, and intravenous immunoglobulin may be useful in preventing serious bacterial infections in HIV-infected children. HIV-infected persons are also at greater risk for serious infections with Haemophilus influenzae than are non-HIV-infected persons. Vaccination against H. influenzae type b (Hib) is recommended for HIV-infected children but not for adults. Antimicrobial drug-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae and H. influenzae have become more prevalent recently and consequently have impacted on strategies for prevention and treatment of those infections.
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PMID:Preventing bacterial respiratory tract infections among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. 854 17

With the decline in the rate of infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae serotype b, H. influenzae serotype f (Hif) is becoming a relatively important cause of invasive disease due to H. influenzae. We identified 91 cases of invasive Hif infections in a multistate area over a 6-year period. The incidence of invasive Hif disease was 0.5 case per 1,000,000 population in 1989 and 1.9 cases per 1,000,000 population in 1994. The proportion of all invasive H. influenzae disease caused by Hif rose from 1% in 1989 to 17% in 1994. Seventy-two percent of cases occurred in adults, and 26% of cases occurred in children younger than 5 years of age. Respiratory tract infections accounted for 82% of adult cases, and most adults had significant underlying diseases. In children, pneumonia and meningitis each accounted for 40% of cases, respectively. Overall mortality was 30% among adults, and 21% among children. Molecular typing demonstrated limited overall diversity in Hif isolates. Continued surveillance is warranted to evaluate the trend toward the increasing incidence of Hif disease that was noted in this study.
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PMID:Invasive disease due to Haemophilus influenzae serotype f: clinical and epidemiologic characteristics in the H. influenzae serotype b vaccine era. The Haemophilus influenzae Study Group. 878 13

Using a quantitative culture of sputum, the incidence of pathogenic bacteria in respiratory infection in our laboratory between 1990 and 1993 were investigated. While Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis were isolated at high rates (67-78%) from the specimens of outpatients throughout the study period, the incidence of S pneumoniae has increased gradually. The antimicrobial susceptibilities of these three pathogens were examined with the agar dilution method. A marked increase of penicillin (PC) resistant S. pneumoniae (MIC > or = 0.1 microgram/ml) was observed with a resistance rate of 2.1% in 1990 and 25% in 1993. Resistance to erythromycin (EM, MIC > or = 1.56 micrograms/ml) was 8.5% in 1990 but then increased to 34% in 1992. Most of the PC resistant isolates were resistant to multidrugs such as EM, minocycline and clindamycin. The MICs of all beta-lactams examined for S. pneumoniae increased along with the MICs of PC, though the level varied between drugs. The rates of beta-lactamase positive H. influenzae gradually decreased, being 14.3% in 1990 and 7.4% in 1993, whereas those of M. (B) catarrhalis were consistently high (> 90%) every year. In addition to beta-lactamase production, the emergence of strains of H. influenzae and M. (B) catarrhalis resistant to new quinolone drugs should be noted.
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PMID:The incidence of respiratory tract pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis isolated between 1990 and 1993. 887 67

In infants and young children acute lower respiratory infection is the most common cause of morbidity and death especially in developing countries. Factors that contribute to the increased susceptibility to respiratory pathogens include young age, season, sex, indoor pollution, large family size, malnutrition, low immunocompetence, socioeconomic disadvantage. The epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in childhood seems similar worldwide. In all countries, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenzae virus 1 and 3 influenzae A and B viruses and adenovirus are reported to be the main causes of acute respiratory infections. Six microorganisms are responsible of 90% of documented acute bacterial pulmonary infections, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus. Mixed viral and bacterial infections occur frequently (30%). The role of respiratory viruses in predisposing to colonization and invasion of bacterial organisms has often been suggested. In recent years acquired resistance against antibiotic for H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae has emerged.
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PMID:[Epidemiology of acute bronchopulmonary infections in children]. 897 59

Samples from 96 children with acute respiratory infection were obtained simultaneously with nasal, nasopharyngeal, and oropharyngeal swabs and by nasopharyngeal aspiration and were cultured on chocolate and blood agar plates. The rates of isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae detected by the four sampling methods were compared. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were optimal for the detection of both S. pneumoniae (isolation rate, 33%) and H. influenzae (isolation rate, 31%). When a nasopharyngeal aspirate is not available, such as for healthy children or children with no obtainable secretions, the nasopharyngeal swab seems optimal for the detection of both S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae among children younger than 13 months of age. Among older children, similarly, the nasopharyngeal swab seems optimal for the detection of S. pneumoniae; however, for H. influenzae, the oropharyngeal swab seems optimal.
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PMID:Comparison of four different sampling methods for detecting pharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in children. 911 84

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) represent a major cause of illness worldwide. Therefore, it is of great concern that common RTI pathogens have become increasingly resistant to many of the antimicrobial agents used for therapy. For example, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis have become resistant to beta-lactam drugs by producing efficient beta-lactamases (> 35 and 90% of strains, respectively). More recently, pneumococci have become more resistant through the mechanism of altered penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). The rate of penicillin nonsusceptible isolates has risen to > 25% in the United States (1994-1995). It is important to monitor the resistance characteristics of such pathogens and, if possible, to use regionally acquired data to guide empiric selection of therapeutic agents for RTIs. Currently, some antimicrobials remain effective against the majority of these three bacterial species, as exemplified by amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Furthermore, amoxicillin alone seems to possess greater inhibition than other orally administered beta-lactams at clinically achievable concentrations against pneumococci with altered PBPs. It is critical that steps are taken to limit resistance problems, particularly through; 1) education of prescribers and the public; 2) initiation of the development of novel drugs with alternative modes of action or stability to existing resistance mechanisms; and 3) by continuing to generate quality susceptibility testing data to guide empiric chemotherapy against bacterial pathogens causing RTI.
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PMID:Can antimicrobial activity be sustained? An appraisal of orally administered drugs used for respiratory tract infections. 912 2

Concentrations of levofloxacin were measured in bronchial biopsies, alveolar macrophages (AM), epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and serum following a single oral dose. Concentrations were measured by a microbiological assay method. A total of 35 patients undergoing fibre-optic bronchoscopy were studied. Mean serum, AM, ELF and biopsy concentrations were as follows. 0.5 h: 4.73 mg/L, 19.1 mg/L, 4.74 mg/L and 4.3 mg/kg; 1 h: 6.6 mg/L, 32.5 mg/L, 10.8 mg/L and 8.3 mg/kg; 2 h: 4.9 mg/L, 41.9 mg/L, 9.0 mg/L and 6.5 mg/kg; 4 h: 4.1 mg/L, 27.7 mg/L, 10.9 mg/L and 6.0 mg/kg; and 6-8 h: 4.0 mg/L, 38.4 mg/L, 9.6 mg/L and 4.0 mg/kg respectively. Mean serum and AM concentrations at 12-24 h were 1.2 and 13.9 mg/L respectively (concentrations in biopsy and ELF were only measurable in three of the six patients). These concentrations exceed the MIC90s of the common respiratory pathogens, Haemophilus influenzae (0.015 mg/L), Moraxella catarrhalis (0.06 mg/L) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (1 mg/L) and suggest that levofloxacin should be efficacious in the treatment of community- and hospital-acquired respiratory infection.
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PMID:Concentrations of levofloxacin (HR 355) in the respiratory tract following a single oral dose in patients undergoing fibre-optic bronchoscopy. 937 28

We investigated clinical and bacteriological effects of cefetamet pivoxil (CEMT-PI) in community-acquired respiratory tract infections and obtained the following findings. That method was approximately equal to that of investigation in 1994. 1. Of the 431 respiratory tract infection cases that were treated with CEMT-PI according to a same protocol at a total of 41 institutions in Tokyo, Kanagawa-ken, Saitama-ken and Chiba-ken from January to the beginning of March 1996. Outpatients accounted for 98.1% of the subjects. Regarding genders to patients, slightly more females (52.6%) than males were included. Diagnoses given to these patients included pharyngo-laryngitis (53.5%), tonsillitis (20.4%) and acute bronchitis (19.1%). 2. We investigated clinical efficacy rates (the ratio of those excellent + good) classified by diseases. The improvement rates of pharyngo-laryngitis, tonsillitis and acute bronchitis were more than 85.0%. Other cases were small in number. That of chronic bronchitis-acute increasing change for the worse was 66.7%, pneumonia was 50.0% and bronchiectasis infection was 16.7%. It was not studied that clinical efficacy rates among those who were treated with 1 CEMT-PI tablet twice and among those who were given 2 tablets twice were significant level. 3. For the bacteriological study, a written material describing the method of collecting specimens, storage and transport in detail was distributed to the above mentioned institutions. The isolation and identification of suspected causative bacteria, determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and investigation of beta-lactamase production were conducted all together at section of studies, Tokyo Clinical Research Center. Suspected causative bacteria were detected from 274 (63.6%) cases. They included 88 strains of Haemophilus influenzae, 47 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 42 strains of Streptococcus pyogenes, 20 strains of Moraxella subgenus Branhamella catarrhalis and 17 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae. Suspected causative bacteria classified by diseases were S. pyogenes (tonsillitis), S. pneumoniae (acute bronchitis and secondary infection of chronic respiratory infection) and H. influenzae (pharyngo-laryngitis), and the detection frequency of those was high. The clinical efficacies (the ratio of improvement) classified by suspected causative bacteria were 84.4% against organism that was indicating CEMT and were 69.2% against organism that was not indicating CEMT.
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PMID:[Clinical and bacteriological effects of cefetamet pivoxil against community-acquired respiratory tract infections. Part II]. 939 36

Azithromycin has in vitro activity which includes important respiratory pathogens and is successful in treatment of respiratory tract infections. We assessed postantibiotic effect (PAE) of azithromycin against 3 stains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2 strains of Haemophilus influenzae and 2 strains of Moraxella catarrhalis. The strains were exposed for 2 hours to an azithromycin concentration of 0.5 mg/L (maximum serum concentration achieved by azithromycin after the usual dosing regimen). A stationary phase inoculum of 1 x 10(6)-5 x 10(6) UFC/ml in IsoSensitest Broth with 5% lysed horse blood and 20 mg/L NAD was used and shaken for the duration of the experiment. Antibiotic was neutralised by dilution 1:1000 into pre-warmed medium. Viable counts were determined before and after antibiotic exposure and then hourly for 7 hours by Miles and Misra method. The experiment was performed in triplicate. Even at such low concentration as that achieved in serum, azithromycin exhibits a PAE of 119 min for pneumococci, 130 min for haemophili and 155 min for moraxellae, fact which could allow the use of usual oral regimen in bacteraemic respiratory infection, as well.
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PMID:[The postantibiotic effect of azithromycin on respiratory pathogens]. 945 50

Our objectives were to determine aetiology and localisation of infection in sickle cell anaemia patients. The origin of fever was malaria in 47% of cases, 50% of bacterial infections and 3% of viral infections. Respiratory infections were concerned in 61% of cases, versus 24% of osteomyelitis. Salmonella were found in 37%, Haemophilus (16%), Staphylococcus (14%), Streptococcus (10%) and Pneumococcus (9%). We found more bacterial infection in anaemic forms (SS and SFA2) and more bacterial infection anemic forms (SC, SAFA2). In view of these findings, we preconize malaria prophylaxis and vaccination against Salmonella, Haemophilus and Pneumococcus in sickle cell anemia patients.
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PMID:[Infection profile in sickle cell anemia]. 950 66


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