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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Haemophilus influenzae is an important cause of meningitis and severe cases of lower respiratory infection (LRI) in children in developing countries. In children with meningitis, H. influenzae type b organisms are the most frequently encountered serotype, but in some countries type a strains are also implicated. In children with LRI, type b organisms are also important, but the proportion of organisms with other serotypes and non-typable strains is greater than that associated with cases of meningitis. In developing countries, nearly all cases of H. influenzae meningitis and a substantial fraction of cases of LRI occur in children younger than one year of age. This age distribution is younger than that seen in the continental United States, where more than one-half of the cases of invasive H. influenzae disease are in children older than one year of age. New type b polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines are immunogenic in infants as young as two months of age and offer the promise of preventing H. influenzae type b disease in infants younger than one year of age. However, for developing countries, more complete data defining the populations at risk, the immunogenicity of candidate vaccines in children in different geographic regions, and the serotypes of the infecting organisms will be needed before successful cost-effective vaccination strategies can be devised and implemented.
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PMID:Epidemiology and prospects for prevention of disease due to Haemophilus influenzae in developing countries. 266 2

The elderly are prone to respiratory infection but the role of disordered immunity is uncertain. Opsonization of bacteria is an important early host defence mechanism required for optimal phagocytosis. There are conflicting reports in the literature as to the ability of the elderly to perform this function and one reason may be the use of in vitro tests in which the 'target' microorganism is clinically unrealistic. We have tested the hypothesis that use of a more clinically relevant microorganism Haemophilus influenzae, which commonly infects the respiratory tract of such persons, may detect abnormalities of opsonization in the elderly. Using an in vitro luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) assay we have compared sera from 45 elderly subjects (age greater than 70 years without known immune deficiency or current infection) with sera from 12 young, healthy subjects, for their capacity to opsonize Staphylococcus aureus (Oxford strain) and H. influenzae (non-capsulated) expressed as percentage CL obtained using pooled normal human serum (PNHS). There was no significant difference (median) between the elderly (95%) and the young (108%) with regard to S. aureus but opsonization of H. influenzae was poor in the elderly (63%) compared with that in the younger group (87%; P = 0.002); the sera of 11 elderly subjects having an opsonic capacity less than 30% that of PNHS. We conclude that use of the more clinically relevant microorganism, H. influenzae, appears to differentiate a subgroup of the elderly with reduced serum opsonic capacity. It remains to be determined prospectively whether these individuals are in fact more prone to infection.
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PMID:Defective opsonization of Haemophilus influenzae by sera of elderly patients. 278 81

Cefepime, an aminothiazolyl cephalosporin active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, was used at a dose of 1 g every 12 hours to treat respiratory and other infections in 29 patients. All 19 patients from whom an organism was cultured responded clinically and microbiologically. The patients had underlying risk factors of human immune virus positive status, 58%, and chronic lung disease, 19%. Cefepime was well tolerated. Organisms eradicated included Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Further study will define cefepime's role in hospital-acquired respiratory infection.
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PMID:The use of cefepime (BMY 28142) to treat respiratory infections. 279 88

The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of twelve 4-quinolone antimicrobials were determined for 100 isolates of Haemophilus influenzae (including 30 beta-lactamase producing strains) and 100 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. MICs were determined using an agar dilution technique in Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 10% lysed horse blood. The inoculum used was approximately 10(4) colony-forming units, contained in 10 microliters of Mueller-Hinton broth, which was applied to the agar plates using a multipoint inoculator. Following inoculation, plates were incubated at 37 degrees C for 18 h in an atmosphere enriched to 10% carbon dioxide. The MIC of each antimicrobial for each isolate examined was determined as the lowest concentration of the antimicrobial which completely inhibited growth of the inoculum. The minimum concentrations required to inhibit the growth of 50% (MIC50) and 90% (MIC90) of the organisms examined were also determined. The more recently synthesised 4-quinolones showed considerably greater activity than nalidixic acid and pipemidic acid against clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. There was no apparent difference between the MICs observed for beta-lactamase producing and non-beta-lactamase producing strains of Haemophilus influenzae. Ciprofloxacin was the most active 4-quinolone examined (MIC90 for Haemophilus influenzae 0.008 microgram/ml; Streptococcus pneumoniae 2 micrograms/ml). Clinical studies on a possible role for some of the more recently synthesised 4-quinolones in the management of patients with respiratory infection are indicated.
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PMID:The comparative activity of twelve 4-quinolone antimicrobials against Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. 294 Dec 58

Based on a quantitative analysis of sputum cultures, pathogenic bacteria in respiratory ailments isolated in our laboratory during 1984 to 1986 were classified and analyzed. During the study period, the most frequently isolated agent was Haemophilus influenzae followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Branhamella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pneumoniae. They together consisted of 70 approximately 74% of all the respiratory pathogenic bacteria isolated in our study. Susceptibilities of above pathogens to antimicrobial agents were investigated using the agar dilution method. Results are summarized as follows. 1. Ratio of proportion of beta-lactamase producing strains among non beta-lactamase producing strains of H. influenzae markedly decreased in 1986 (6/70, 8.6%) as compared to previous years (11/73, 15.1% in 1984 and 8/49, 16.3% in 1985). In consequence, MIC90 values for penicillins reduced considerably in 1986. Among the antibiotics examined cefmenoxime (CMX) and cefotaxime (CTX) were the most active agents against H. influenzae. A development of resistance to other cephems and new quinolones (norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin) was not evident during the 3-year survey. 2. Against S. pneumoniae, benzylpenicillin was still the most active agent despite gradual increase of frequency of isolation. Ampicillin (ABPC), piperacillin (PIPC), CMX and CTX were also potent against S. pneumoniae. S. pneumoniae were frequently isolated from patients treated with new quinolones or minocycline (MINO). This phenomenon may be explained by higher MIC values of these agents against S. pneumoniae. 3. Of B. catarrhalis strains isolated, more than 80% were beta-lactamase positive, although MIC90 were not so high (1.56 micrograms/ml for ABPC and 0.20 micrograms/ml for PIPC). Among the antibiotics tested, latamoxef was the most active agent against B. catarrhalis and inhibited all the strains at a concentration of 0.05 micrograms/ml or less. No resistant strains were observed against cephems, new quinolones, erythromycin or MINO. 4. P. aeruginosa appeared to be rapidly developing resistance against new quinolones in patients with chronic P. aeruginosa respiratory infections who had been treated with these agents. In treating chronic respiratory infection due to P. aeruginosa, one must be watchful of rapid development of resistance by the organism or its replacement with S. pneumoniae.
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PMID:[Recent trend of incidence of respiratory pathogenic bacteria and its susceptibility to antimicrobial agents: studies in the year 1984-1986]. 314 25

An investigation was undertaken to determine the isolation rate and antibiotic resistance of Haemophilus influenzae from the nasopharynx of young children. The 996 subjects studied were up to 6 years of age. H. influenzae was isolated from 304 (30.5%) and strains of capsular type b from 11 (1.1%). Age, sibling status, season, respiratory infection and antibiotic therapy all influenced isolation rates. The overall prevalence of antibiotic resistance in the strains isolated was ampicillin 5.4% (all beta-lactamase producers), cefaclor 0.3%, chloramphenicol 1.3%, erythromycin 38.2%, tetracycline 1.3%, trimethoprim 5.4% and sulphamethoxazole 0%. Ampicillin resistance was more common in type b than non-capsulated strains.
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PMID:Nasopharyngeal carriage and antibiotic resistance of Haemophilus influenzae in healthy children. 325 68

Haemophilus influenzae is an uncommon pathogen in shunted patients and there is uncertainty about optimal management. We report here two cases which were managed differently, with different outcomes. The first case was treated with chloramphenicol and the shunt was not removed. Although there were subsequent episodes of respiratory infection, the outcome was satisfactory. The second case was treated with cefuroxime and the shunt was exteriorized. Re-shunting was followed by relapse and further shunt removal. This and other case reports suggest that in Haemophilus meningitis in shunted patients treatment need not involve shunt removal, but that this is so only if appropriate antimicrobials such as chloramphenicol are used.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in the presence of cerebrospinal fluid shunts. 326 Aug 18

Clinical efficacy, bacteriological effect and safety of a new antibiotic flomoxef (FMOX, 6315-S) in respiratory infections were studied. Efficacy of FMOX in 6 patients with infectious diseases including 2 cases with pneumonia, 3 cases with acute exacerbation by respiratory infection, 1 case with obstructive pneumonia were clinically evaluated. Two strains of Haemophilus influenzae, 1 strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae and 1 strain of Staphylococcus aureus which were detected as causative organisms in 2 cases disappeared or decreased after treatment with FMOX. Assessing both clinical and bacteriological findings, effects of FMOX were good in 5 cases and fair in 1 case. No adverse effects were observed in clinical or laboratory findings. Consequently, FMOX is considered to be a very useful antibiotic in the treatment for respiratory infectious diseases.
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PMID:[Clinical studies on flomoxef in respiratory infection]. 344 20

Fifteen per cent of patients admitted to a male general surgical ward were found to be carrying Haemophilus influenzae. Except for patients with chronic bronchitis, who developed an infection with the same micro-organism, carriage did not predispose patients to postoperative chest infection. Age, heavy smoking, and abdominal surgery increased the likelihood of respiratory infection after operation. H influenzae accounted for 58% of bacterial pathogens isolated from sputum, and most infections occurred within 48 hours of operation. Chemotyping showed that most infections were caused by different strains, and cross infection by H influenzae seemed to be rare. Cefuroxime given during anaesthesia did not prevent postoperative chest infection.
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PMID:Study of postoperative chest infections with particular emphasis on those caused by Haemophilus influenzae. 348 14

The most important lower respiratory infection is pneumonia, the fourth leading cause of death. Most cases of bronchitis are of viral etiology and are not major problems. Empyema can present an important problem in management. Although the diagnosis of pneumonia is usually relatively straightforward, the specific etiologic diagnosis remains a major problem. Availability of empyema fluid or a positive blood culture result can be helpful in making the etiologic diagnosis, but these are unavailable in most patients. Screening of sputum Gram stains under 100 X magnification is very important; there should be fewer than 10 squamous epithelial cells, more than 25 polymorphonuclear leukocytes, or both per field of this size. The major causes of pneumonia are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, anaerobic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, various gram-negative aerobic or facultative bacilli and Legionella. However, many other organisms are capable of causing pneumonia, even in the immunocompetent host. Further adding to the problem is the fact that a number of different organisms are manifesting increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents. Our study with ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid included seven patients with pneumonia, one with empyema, and one with purulent tracheobronchitis. Organisms recovered from pleural fluid, transtracheal aspiration and sputum or tracheostomy aspirate included multiple anaerobes, pneumococci, S. aureus, Hemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. ozaenae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus mirabilis, beta-hemolytic streptococci, Neisseria meningitidis and Branhamella catarrhalis. Several of the organisms were ticarcillin resistant. Eight of the patients had cures and the other patient showed improvement. Only minor side-effects were encountered--Coombs' positivity (without hemolysis), eosinophilia, drug fever and one case of questionable neutropenia.
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PMID:Lower respiratory tract infection. 407 97


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