Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Serial nasopharyngeal swab and bronchoalveolar lavage cultures were used to estimate changes in the bacterial flora of the respiratory tracts of calves during the first month after arrival in the feedlot. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) differential cell counts served to evaluate pulmonary inflammatory changes during this period. Two groups of calves were studied, one consisting of clinically normal controls (n = 60), the other, of cases (n = 59) which received treatment for respiratory disease (penicillin +/- trimethoprimsulfadoxine). A variety of organisms, including Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella haemolytica, Haemophilus somnus, Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma bovirhinis, were present in the upper and lower airways of both groups during the postarrival period. With the exception of M. bovis, an overall decline in the prevalence of these organisms was observed during the course of the study. In cases, there was a marked decrease in the number of Pasteurella spp. and H. somnus isolates immediately following treatment. For the Pasteurella spp., however, this effect was shortlived as they often appeared to recolonize the respiratory tract within eight days of terminating antimicrobial therapy. Treatment did not appear to affect the frequency of isolating M. bovis. Its prevalence, in both groups of calves, increased to levels approaching 100% during the course of the study. All Pasteurella spp. isolates were tested for susceptibility to several commonly used antimicrobials. Resistance was only evident among P. haemolytica isolated from cases and in every instance this was to a combination of penicillin, ampicillin and tetracycline. Significantly more isolates were resistant after treatment than before. There were BAL differential cell count abnormalities indicative of inflammation in both cases and controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Changes in the bacterial flora of the upper and lower respiratory tracts and bronchoalveolar lavage differential cell counts in feedlot calves treated for respiratory diseases. 142 52

Strains of Bisgaard taxon 31, isolated from chickens in South Africa suffering from a respiratory disease with clinical symptoms and gross lesions similar to infectious coryza, showed great phenotypical similarities with Haemophilus paragallinarum infection except for NAD requirement, beta-galactosidase activity and maltose fermentation. Deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization confirmed a high level of genetic relatedness (DNA binding value, 89%) with Haemophilus paragallinarum. Guanine + cytosine content and genome size data also support the classification of taxon 31 strains within the species Haemophilus paragallinarum.
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PMID:Occurrence of V-factor (NAD) independent strains of Haemophilus paragallinarum. 149 9

Danofloxacin is a new fluoroquinolone antibacterial, developed specifically for veterinary use. Its in vitro activity and pharmacokinetic properties have been investigated to assess its potential for use in the therapy of respiratory disease in cattle. The minimum inhibitory concentration of danofloxacin against 90% (MIC90) of contemporary European and North American field isolates of Pasteurella haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida and Haemophilus somnus, the most important bacterial respiratory pathogens of cattle, was 0.125 micrograms/ml. The plasma and lung kinetics of danofloxacin following parenteral administration of 1.25 mg/kg were evaluated in two studies. Danofloxacin was rapidly absorbed following intramuscular and subcutaneous injection and bioavailability was virtually complete (101% and 94% respectively). Plasma concentration profiles of danofloxacin were similar for intramuscular and subcutaneous routes with no significant differences in the area under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUC) following one, three or five consecutive daily doses, although slightly higher peak plasma concentrations were achieved by the intramuscular route. Following intramuscular administration, the mean peak lung concentration of danofloxacin was 4.1 times greater than that of plasma. Similarly, the AUC for lung tissue was 3.7 times greater than that for plasma. These data indicate that danofloxacin should be particularly appropriate for the therapy of bacterial respiratory disease in cattle.
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PMID:Clinical pharmacokinetics of parenterally administered danofloxacin in cattle. 166 62

Respiratory infection may aggravate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Viral respiratory infections may aggravate asthma, particularly in young individuals. Respiratory Syncytial virus and Rhinovirus dominate in children while, in adults, Influenza or Rhinovirus infections are most frequently concerned. Viral respiratory infections may also cause exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Bacteria and their products scarcely play any part in asthmatic disease but may possibly aggravate chronic bronchitis and other forms of obstructive respiratory disease. In particular, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae and bacterial endotoxin appear to be of significance. The mechanisms of the effects of viruses have several points of attack: Destruction of epithelium, release of mediators, potentiation of mediator-release and reduced beta-adrenergic function. Bacteria and their products may, similarly, cause bronchoconstriction and may, in vitro, release mediators and potentiate release of mediators.
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PMID:[Respiratory tract infection and acute deterioration of obstructive lung disease]. 204 39

Fluorinated inhibitors of gyrase open a new field in chemotherapy. For veterinary purposes one drug, enrofloxacin (Baytril), has been registered hitherto in Germany. Well known disadvantages of the old gyrase blockers (e.g. nalidixic acid and others) have been their limited clinical application (compounds were useful only for therapy of infections of kidney cavities) and their deficits in antimicrobial efficacy regarding Gram-positive bacteria, pseudomonas and mycoplasmas. Fluorinated 4-quinolones, however, exhibit broad antibiotic effects in addition to their useful pharmacokinetic properties. The compounds are indicated in therapy of infections by E. coli, Salmonella, Pasteurella, Mycoplasma and Haemophilus species as well as against CRD (chronic respiratory disease). Development of resistance is markedly slowed down compared with nalidixic acid due to a multi-step resistance. Resistance is unstable and may revert in bacteria. Nevertheless, resistant bacteria in the veterinary field are exceptions. Cross-resistance includes only compounds belonging to 4-quinolones. Adult animals show few side effects to gyrase blockers. In young animals a deficit in biotransformation and renal clearance has been observed. Most prominent are dose dependent irreparable deformations of joint cartilages which have forced to contraindicate the use of Baytril in growing dogs.
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PMID:[Gyrase inhibitors, a new class of therapeutic drugs]. 204 2

Clinical evaluation, safety and kinetics in serum of sulbactam/cefoperazone (SBT/CPZ) in patients with lower respiratory tract infections have been studied in a multicenter trial participated by 28 institutions in Kyushu area during a period of 13 months from March 1987 to March 1988. 1. Mean peak serum levels of SBT and CPZ in 35 patients up to 4 hours after intravenous infusion of 2 g of SBT/CPZ were 38.2 +/- 17.3 micrograms/ml for SBT and 104.3 +/- 31.4 micrograms/ml for CPZ. Serum half-lives of SBT and CPZ were 0.76 hour and 1.53 hours, respectively. These results were in similar ranges to those reported elsewhere for SBT/CPZ. 2. Serum half-lives of SBT and CPZ after intravenous infusion of 2 g of SBT/CPZ were not significantly prolonged in patients with moderate liver or kidney dysfunctions. 3. Clinical efficacy rates of SBT/CPZ in 217 patients were 93.1% (81/87) for pneumonia, 93.3% (14/15) for lung abscess, 78.9% (15/19) for acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, 57.1% (4/7) for diffuse panbronchiolitis, 72.4% (21/29), 74.4% (32/43) and 100% (9/9) for infections concurrent to bronchiectasis, chronic respiratory disease and pulmonary emphysema, respectively. Those were 50% (1/2) for bronchitis associated with lung cancer and 66.7% (4/6) for empyema. The overall efficacy rate was 83.4% (181/217). 4. Clinical efficacy rate of SBT/CPZ for pneumonia in patients with underlying diseases such as lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis and pneumoconiosis, etc, was 85.3% (29/34) and was not significantly different from the efficacy rate of 98.1% (52/53) in patients without these underlying diseases. 5. Of 30 patients who failed to respond of previous antibiotic treatments, 21 were effectively treated by SBT/CPZ. 6. Bacteriological eradication rates against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae were 42.9% (9/21), 87.5% (14/16) and 100% (5/5), respectively. The overall eradication rate in all cases including polymicrobial infections was 72.8% (67/92). 7. The high levels of peak serum concentration of CPZ, and the difference between serum levels of SBT and of CPZ seemed to contribute to the high clinical efficacy. 8. Adverse reactions occurred in 2.8% (6/217) of the patients, and consisted primarily of rash and diarrhea. Laboratory abnormalities were observed in 8 patients during the study. These were elevations of S-GOT and S-GPT, and eosinophilia. 9. SBT/CPZ is a very useful drug in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections as it has become available just in time when increase in resistant organisms to beta-lactams is notable.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of sulbactam/cefoperazone in lower respiratory tract infections]. 219 54

The antimicrobial susceptibilities of 426 isolates of Haemophilus species, which were collected as part of a worldwide study of the etiology of acute respiratory disease in children in selected developing countries, were determined. Eleven antibiotics were tested using the recently described Haemophilus Test Medium. There was a low prevalence of antibiotic resistance; 6% of strains were resistant to ampicillin, and 1.6% were resistant to chloramphenicol. Strains resistant to both ampicillin and chloramphenicol were recovered only from Thailand. Susceptibility to penicillin G was also determined; the minimum inhibitory concentrations for penicillin and ampicillin were concordant within one 2-fold dilution in 97% of the isolates. Thus, Haemophilus isolates were as susceptible to penicillin G as they were to ampicillin, and penicillin resistance was infrequent overall. These data provide support for the current protocols for the management of acute respiratory infections in children in developing countries, in which penicillin G is a first-line agent.
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PMID:Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Haemophilus isolates from children in eleven developing nations. BOSTID Haemophilus Susceptibility Study Group. 236 76

A semi-purified outer membrane anionic antigen (AA) fraction was isolated from Haemophilus somnus by a modified procedure of anion exchange chromatography to yield a protein fraction free of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The AA fraction (1 mg) was administered with or without the homologous lipopolysaccharide (10 micrograms/kg body weight) as vaccines to groups of cattle twice, three weeks apart. A control group which did not receive any antigen was included in the trial. Six weeks after the first vaccination, the animals were challenged intratracheally with a virulent pneumonic strain of H. somnus (70986) and observed for clinical signs of respiratory disease. The cattle were euthanized six days later and the lungs were evaluated for the severity of lesions macroscopically as well as histopathologically. Vaccination with AA alone provided the best protection against pneumonia as indicated by significantly lower clinical scores, less extensive gross lung lesions and mild histopathological lesions with immune cell infiltration. However, when AA was combined with LPS in the vaccination, this protective effect was negated and the animals showed more detrimental histopathological lesions than the controls.
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PMID:The protective effect of vaccination against experimental pneumonia in cattle with Haemophilus somnus outer membrane antigens and interference by lipopolysaccharide. 237 12

The conventional culture method was compared to coagglutination for detection of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae in 425 sets of pig lungs. Sera from the same animals were evaluated for antibodies to A. pleuropneumoniae by the complement fixation (CF) test. All samples were collected at 2 packing plants in Iowa. In 2 nonvaccinated herds with no history of respiratory disease, the difference between standard culture results and coagglutination was highly significant (P less than 0.001). None of the 57 pigs in this group were positive for A. pleuropneumoniae by conventional culture, but 7 were positive by the coagglutination test. There were 15 animals with CF titers between 1:8 and 1:32. Animals from 6 herds vaccinated for A. pleuropneumoniae and without recent respiratory problems were evaluated. One out of 118 animals tested was positive for A. pleuropneumoniae by standard culture as compared to 9 positive by coagglutination. The difference in positive results between culture and coagglutination was highly significant (P less than 0.001). Twenty-eight animals had CF titers to A. pleuropneumoniae (1:4 to greater than or equal to 1:128). Two hundred fifty lungs and sera samples were collected from 7 herds which had recently experienced varying degrees of respiratory disease. Thirty-nine lungs were positive for A. pleuropneumoniae by culture and 182 were positive by coagglutination. The number of positives detected by coagglutination was significantly different (P less than 0.001) from the number positive by culture. There were 172 animals with antibody titers ranging from suspect to greater than or equal to 1:128. There were significantly fewer positive animals detected by standard culture than with the CF test (P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae: use of coagglutination and complement fixation to determine the relationship between presence of organism and antibody titer in slaughterhouse pigs. 248 43

Branhamella catarrhalis is a Neisseriae-like organism that is the newest member of the family of pneumonic pathogens. The organism is seasonal, encountered only during the respiratory disease season. The majority of patients with pneumonia (80% to 90%) have underlying chronic pulmonary disease, and their clinical illness may be difficult to distinguish from exacerbations of lung disease by other causes. B catarrhalis is the most common bacterial pathogen in this setting after Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The organism is easy to identify in the laboratory, with a quality gram stain of sputum being the key to recognition. Most patients show patchy non-cavitary infiltrates on chest roentgenograms. Because 75% of isolates produce beta lactamase, empiric therapy with penicillin or amoxicillin is likely to fail. Recommended drugs include erythromycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (Augmentin), or one of the newer broad spectrum cephalosporins.
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PMID:Pneumonia due to Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis. 249 50


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