Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

On hundred twenty-six men who attended a hospital microbiology laboratory and 99 men who attended a private laboratory in Toulouse, France, for symptoms of urethritis were examined during 1988, for evidence of urethral pathogens. The following incidences were found: Neisseria gonorrhoeae: 24 (10.7%); Chlamydia trachomatis: 58 (25.8%); Ureaplasma urealyticum: 46 (20.4%); Gardnerella vaginalis: 21 (9.3%); Haemophilus parainfluenzae: 21 (9.3%); Streptococcus agalactiae: 15 (6.7%); Candida albicans: 10 (4.4%); and Trichomonas vaginalis: 4 (1.8%). The prevalence of these microorganisms was similar in the two groups of patients. No pathogen was isolated from 71 patients (31.6%). Mixed infections with at least two pathogens were found in 49 men (21.8%). Another goal of this study was to determine the relative prevalence of urethral pathogens in relation to clinical findings. N. gonorrhoeae was isolated significantly more often in patients who had a urethral discharge (P less than .05) that contained five or more polymorphonuclear cells per high-power field (PMN/HPF) (P less than .001). G. vaginalis was isolated significantly more often in patients who did not have an urethral discharge (P less than .05) and in men with less than five PMN/HPF (P less than .05). Isolation of C. albicans was significantly associated with pruritus (P less than .05) and balanitis (P less than .001). Like the clinical features, the gram-stained urethral smear was of limited value in diagnosis and therapeutic decision-making regarding non-gonococcal urethritis. In contrast, this study underlines the importance of full identification of urethral isolates in the management of urethritis in men.
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PMID:Clinical and microbiologic features of urethritis in men in Toulouse, France. 190 4

Imipenem/cilastatin sodium (IPM/CS) was administered to 55 patients with respiratory tract infections (RTI). A clinical evaluation of IPM/CS was carried out in 51 patients, 28 with pneumonia, 4 with pulmonary abscess, 1 with pyothorax, 6 with bronchitis, 9 with bronchiectasis, 1 with diffuse panbronchiolitis and 2 with RTI with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and the clinical efficacy rate was 78.4%. Causative organisms were isolated in 23 strains out of 20 patients, such as Staphylococcus aureus 4 strains, Staphylococcus epidermidis 1 strain, Streptococcus pneumoniae 1 strain, Branhamella catarrhalis 1 strain, Haemophilus influenzae 2 strains, Klebsiella pneumoniae 4 strains, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6 strains, Pseudomonas sp. 1 strain, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus 1 strain, Acinetobacter sp. 1 strain and glucose non-fermentative Gram-negative rod 1 strain. An eradication rate of 70.6% was obtained. An overall eradication rate of main causative organisms in RTI including S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and K. pneumoniae was 75.0%. Clinical adverse effects were observed in 5 patients, and these were eruption in 2, itching in 1, vomiting in 1 and drug fever in 1. Abnormalities in laboratory test results were observed in 8 patients. These disappeared or returned to normal values after completion or discontinuation of IPM/CS administration. IPM/CS appears to be a useful antibiotic for the treatment of RTI, especially severe infections.
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PMID:[Evaluation of imipenem/cilastatin sodium in the treatment of respiratory tract infections]. 234 50

The literature was reviewed for cases of cutaneous pigmentation induced by rifampicin overdosage. 29 examples have been described, in which 2 general groups of individuals were observed. The first consisted of older individuals (average age 27.1 years) who attempted suicide. A prior history of suicide attempts, depression and substance abuse was a predominant factor in these patients. The second group included generally younger patients (average age 2.9 years) in whom misformulation of rifampicin preparations for treatment of Haemophilus influenzae Type B resulted in bright reddish-orange discoloration to the skin. The time to clinical appearance of skin discoloration was approximately 2.2 hours after administration. Periorbital or facial oedema occurred in 72.4% of the patients, pruritus in 62.1% and either nausea, vomiting or diffuse abdominal tenderness in 51.7%. Limited laboratory data are available but these indicate that all patients had elevated levels of total bilirubin. Histological examination in selected individuals revealed rifampicin crystal deposits in the nasopharynx, gastrointestinal tract and lining of the aorta. In adults, it appears that a dose of at least 14 g of rifampicin is necessary before cardiovascular-pulmonary arrest occurs. Other than general supportive measures, very few methods are described in the literature for the treatment of acute intoxications with this drug. A differential diagnosis of other causes of reddish-orange pigmentation is discussed, together with clinical information to differentiate these cases from toxic rifampicin ingestion.
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PMID:A review of the Redman syndrome and rifampicin overdosage. 268 37

Mupirocin is an investigational topical antibiotic used for treatment and prophylaxis of bacterial skin infections. Mupirocin differs from other antibiotics in its synthesis, structure, and mechanism of action. In vitro, mupirocin possesses antimicrobial activity against staphylococci, streptococci, Hemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Few studies comparing mupirocin to other topical antibiotics are available. Initial studies comparing mupirocin to inactive vehicle in the treatment of impetigo indicate an overall 92 percent pathogen eradication rate with active drug and 58 percent eradication rate with vehicle. Overall response to treatment of secondary skin infections was favorable in 91 percent of patients treated with mupirocin and 77 percent of those treated with vehicle. Although incidence is not greater than placebo, adverse effects have included pruritus, burning, dry skin, and erythema. Additional trials and clinical use should further help determine the role of mupirocin in the treatment of minor, primary, and secondary skin infections.
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PMID:Topical mupirocin in the treatment of bacterial skin infections. 310 97

Three hundred and thirty pregnant Black antenatal patients with symptomatic vaginal discharge were assessed. There appeared to be no correlation between the symptoms (pruritus, burning, amount of discharge and appearance) and the expected diagnosis. The common organisms Trichomonas vaginalis, Haemophilus vaginalis, Candida albicans and Neisseria gonorrhoeae were evaluated. It was also noted that a large number of patients (54%) had negative cultures although their complaints were similar to those of patients with positive cultures.
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PMID:Vaginal discharge in the black pregnant patient: an evaluation of the relationship between symptomatology and diagnosis. 677 52

Since infection develops in significant numbers of hospitalized patients, the problem of resistance to third-generation cephalosporins is of increasing concern. We evaluated the efficacy of cefepime 1 g bd as treatment for acute, moderately severe bacterial infection in 239 hospitalized patients (mean age 60 years). Of these patients, 204 were evaluated clinically for urinary tract infection (UTI) (n = 90), lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) (n = 70), skin and soft tissue infection (S/STI) (n = 12) and bacteraemia which was associated with either UTI or LRTI (n = 32) but not included in the previously mentioned UTI and LRTI groups. Amongst the pathogens isolated (36 Gram-positive, 150 Gram-negative), the most predominant species were Escherichia coli in UTI and bacteraemia (n = 81), Streptococcus pneumoniae in LRTI and bacteraemia (n = 23), Haemophilus influenzae in LRTI (n = 16), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 4) and Enterobacter cloacae (n = 2) in S/STI. The mean duration of treatment was 8.5 days and was the same for the 204 clinically evaluable patients. Overall, the clinical cure rate for cefepime was 94% (191/204). Pathogen eradication was achieved in 93% (185/199) of infections. Of the patients with associated bacteraemia, the clinical cure rate was 97% (31/32) and 94% (16/17) of the pathogens were eradicated. Cefepime therapy was well-tolerated. Treatment was discontinued in eight patients (3%) because of local intolerance and in five patients (2%) because of drug-related adverse events (rash, headache and pruritus). Cefepime 1 g bd is as safe and effective as other parenteral cephalosporins for the treatment of acute bacterial UTI, LRTI and S/STI, including those cases with associated bacteraemia. The bd dosing schedule and reported lack of cross-resistance with other cephalosporins against some species of aerobic Gram-negative bacilli make cefepime an attractive treatment option in hospitalized patients.
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PMID:Low-dosage cefepime as treatment for serious bacterial infections. 815 Jul 55

Cefepime, a novel, injectable alpha-methoxyimino aminothiazolyl cephalosporin, is active in vitro against many of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria which cause severe infections, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is more active than existing third-generation cephalosporins against multiply-resistant strains of Enterobacteriaceae because of its low affinity for beta-lactamases and its resistance to hydrolysis by these enzymes. Cefepime retains its high potency of activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci and streptococci other than enterococci. Seventy-four patients (46 male and 28 female) were treated with cefepime 2 g i.v. every 12 h; 61 patients were evaluable for efficacy (39 male and 22 female). The infections included pneumonia caused by Gram-negative bacilli (21 patients, six with bacteraemia), septicaemia (seven), pyelonephritis (two), osteomyelitis (23, mainly caused by S. aureus), septic arthritis (four) and soft tissue infections (four, one with bacteraemia). Responses were as follows: 52 (85.3%) patients cured; three (4.9%) improved and six (9.8%) failed. The failures included three patients with osteomyelitis, one with pyelonephritis and two with pneumonia. The pathogens and eradication rates were: S. aureus 23/24 (96%), Staphylococcus epidermidis 4/4, Streptococcus spp. 10/10 (100%), P. aeruginosa 11/14 (79%), Enterobacteriaceae 28/28 (100%), Haemophilus spp. 3/3 and others 7/7. Clinical adverse effects included diarrhoea in 11 patients (14.9%) nausea in five (6.8%) and pruritus in three (4.1%). Laboratory abnormalities included leucopenia in three patients (4.1%) and direct Coombs' conversion in 32 (43.2%). Patients were treated for an average of 31.8 days for osteomyelitis and 11.9 days for other infections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Cefepime as treatment for osteomyelitis and other severe bacterial infections. 815 Jul 58

Vulvovaginitis in the prepubertal child may present with itch, irritation, pain, dysuria or discharge as a result of poor hygiene, contact irritants, sexual abuse or skin disease involving the genital area. Common infectious causes include threadworms, group A beta-haemolytic streptococci and Haemophilus influenzae. A full history and examination are essential. Investigations may include swabs, midstream urine, biopsy, ultrasound and examination under anaesthesia.
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PMID:Paediatric vulvovaginitis. 859 14

In an open randomized study 218 outpatients (159 males and 59 females) ranging between 18 and 85 years of age (mean 61.9) suffering from bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis have been randomly treated: 79 with co-amoxiclav (amoxicillin 875 mg+clavulanic acid 125 mg) twice daily, 69 with cefixime (400 mg) once daily, and 70 with ciprofloxacin (500 mg) twice daily for an average period of 10 days. Before treatment start, 234 bacterial strains (105 Gram-positive and 129 Gram-negative) were isolated as the cause of exacerbation; the leading pathogens were Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus spp. Eradication rates at the end of treatment were 82.2% for the co-amoxiclav group, 77.6% for the cefixime group, and 81.2% for ciprofloxacin group. Clinical success (cure+improvement) was obtained in 90.8% of the cases treated with co-amoxiclav, in 80.9% for the cefixime group and in 85.7% of patients treated with ciprofloxacin. Seven adverse events (8.9%) of which 4 cases of diarrhea and 3 of itching, were recorded in the co-amoxiclav group. Eleven adverse events (14.7%) were recorded in the cefixime group including gastrointestinal disturbances in 6 patients and mild to moderate increase of liver function in 2. Nine adverse events (12.9%) occurred in the ciprofloxacin group, including insomnia in 3 patients, gastrointestinal disturbances in 2, and serious increase of liver function tests in one patient. It can be concluded that there were no statistically significant differences among the three treatment groups. However, co-amoxiclav demonstrated a higher efficacy rate than cefixime and ciprofloxacin and was better tolerated. Therefore, it can be used as a first-choice drug in the treatment of exacerbation of chronic bronchitis.
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PMID:Comparative evaluation of the clinical and microbiological efficacy of co-amoxiclav vs cefixime or ciprofloxacin in bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. 859 27

Cephalosporins are one of the mainstays of antibiotic therapy, and third-generation cephalosporins are first-line agents for the treatment of many types of serious infections, including those of nosocomial origin. Gaps in activity of currently available third-generation cephalosporins such as cefotaxime, cefoperazone, ceftriaxone, and ceftazidime, and increasing reports of gram-negative bacilli resistance to some of these agents, especially Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp., make it necessary to investigate new compounds. Cefepime, a fourth-generation cephalosporin with a wide range of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including multi-resistant strains of Enterobacteriaceae, was evaluated in comparison with ceftazidime for the treatment of serious infections in hospitalized patients. Ceftazidime is a commonly prescribed third-generation cephalosporin used for empiric treatment of serious infections such as pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and skin and skin-structure infection. This investigation was an open, randomized comparative study involving 882 patients in North America. Cefepime 2 g every 12 hours demonstrated similar efficacy to that of ceftazidime 2 g every 8 hours for the treatment of pneumonia and urinary tract infection (including cases associated with concurrent bacteremia), and skin and skin-structure infections. The bacteriologic responses were generally >85%. The most common pathogens isolated were Escherichia coll, Streptococcus pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus, group B. Overall, approximately 94% of pathogens isolated in pretreatment cultures were susceptible to cefepime and ceftazidime. Cefepime and ceftazidime were well tolerated; only 3% of patients in each group discontinued therapy because of an adverse event. The most common adverse events were headache, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, pruritus, and rash. The results of this study indicate that cefepime is a promising, effective, and safe single-agent therapy for serious infections in hospitalized patients.
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PMID:Clinical applications of a new parenteral antibiotic in the treatment of severe bacterial infections. 867 98


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