Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Panipenem/betamipron (CS-976, PAPM/BP), a new carbapenem antibiotic, was administered a single dose of 500 mg or 750 mg via intravenous drip infusion twice a day for treatment of chronic respiratory infection to study its clinical efficacy, bacteriological efficacy and safety. Twenty nine cases were studied for the efficacy evaluation. Only the safety evaluation was made in 6 cases which were judged to be unsuitable, because in some of them pneumonia and other diseases were not specified as the subject diseases, of serious illness in some the conditions were too serious, and in the other cases the duration of administration was insufficient since administration had to be discontinued due to side-effects. The duration of administration was 6 to 18 days with 1 g divided into 2 doses daily or 4 to 15 days with 1.5 g in 2 divided doses daily. When clinical efficacies were classified according to different diseases, this preparation was effective in 11 cases and slightly effective in 1 case of 12 cases of chronic bronchitis with an efficacy rate of 91.7%. It was effective in 10 cases, slightly effective in 1 case and ineffective in 1 case of 12 cases of bronchiectasis with an efficacy rate of 83.3%. It was slightly effective in 2 and ineffective in 1 out of 3 cases of diffuse panbronchiolitis, and was effective in 2 cases of pulmonary emphysema with infections. PAPM/BP was given at a dose level of 1 g in 2 divided doses daily to 17 cases and that of 1.5 g in 2 divided doses daily to 10 cases. For the remaining 2 cases, changes in the dose level were made in middle course of treatment. The efficacy rate in the 1 g regimen was 76.5% and that with the 1.5 g regimen was 90%. The overall results in the 29 cases included 23 effective, 4 slightly effective and 2 ineffective cases, thus the overall efficacy rate was 79.3%. As pathogens, 11 species including 24 strains were isolated and identified from 19 cases. They were Gram-positive cocci including 2 strains each of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, 1 strain each of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus sanguis, and Streptococcus viridans and a strain of Streptococcus spp., and Gram-negative rods including 9 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 4 strains of Haemophilus influenzae and 1 strain each of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae and Pseudomonas spp.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[A clinical study on panipenem/betamipron in chronic respiratory tract infections]. 161 69

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hinb) is the main etiologic agent of severe pediatric illnesses, such as meningitis, epiglottitis and pneumonia. Countries most affected by this pathogen are localized in the American, European and African continents. While this organism was originally isolated 100 years ago, the first field trial using a whole killed vaccine was performed until 1959. Since then, further controlled clinical trials have mainly been conducted in the North American and European continents. Under appropriate safety and efficacy evaluation tests performed by the Federal Drug Administration Agency (FDA), five vaccines were licensed: one single and four conjugated preparations. Worldwide and regional epidemiologic data concerning serious diseases produced by this organism have shown their outstanding impact in the public health of developed countries. Unfortunately, in developing countries similar epidemiological indexes are lacking for lethal and disabling diseases, such as meningitis. In order to decrease high morbidity and mortality rates of this meningeal disease and its neurological sequelae, immunoprophylactic preventive measures have been recommended. Furthermore, some risk factors of this infant illness can also be reduced. New strategies regarding conjugate Hib-vaccines are reviewed. Finally, promising virulence factors or self Hib-structures for the production of vaccines are suggested, such as outer membrane proteins (OMP), lipooligosaccharides, fimbriae or pili.
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PMID:[Vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae B: present, past and future]. 161 46

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is but one of many factors to consider when treating patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Many bacterial resistance patterns are stable, but wide geographical variation, increasing penicillin resistance in pneumococci and ampicillin resistance in Haemophilus influenzae are now being found. The importance of these features and their impact on therapy are reviewed.
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PMID:Antibiotic resistance in community-acquired pneumonia. 161 42

A total of 305 patients with community-acquired pneumonia have participated in comparative or non-comparative studies involving cefetamet pivoxil. Of these, 211 (55 adults and 156 children) were involved in a series of open, prospective, comparator-controlled, multi-centre studies. Adults were randomized to receive either cefetamet pivoxil 1000 mg twice daily or amoxycillin 750 mg 3-times daily for 10 days. Children received either cefetamet pivoxil 10 mg/kg twice daily, cefetamet pivoxil 20 mg/kg twice daily or cefaclor 10 mg/kg 3-times daily for 7 to 8 days. The remaining 94 patients were treated openly with cefetamet pivoxil, with most patients receiving cefetamet pivoxil 500 mg twice daily for an average of 10 days; an elderly sub-group of these patients aged 70 to 103 years received therapy for an average of 11 days. The main causative organisms isolated were Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. In adult patients, a successful clinical outcome was achieved in 100% of assessable patients receiving cefetamet pivoxil 1000 mg twice daily, and about 90% in those receiving 500 mg twice daily. The success rate in children was 98% for both dose levels of cefetamet pivoxil and 90% for those receiving cefaclor. In elderly patients, the percentage was 78% for the 500 mg twice daily patients. Thus, the standard dose of cefetamet pivoxil (500 mg twice daily in adults, 10 mg/kg twice daily in children) was well tolerated and proved to be at least as effective as the comparator drugs which were given 3-times a day.
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PMID:Cefetamet pivoxil in community-acquired pneumonia: an overview. 163 21

The presence of concomitant viral or bacterial infection was evaluated in 20 patients hospitalized for adenovirus infection of the middle or lower airways by using new serological methods for detection of both antigens and antibodies. Adenovirus infection was identified by measurement of antibodies with complement fixation test or by direct detection of viral antigen in nasopharyngeal aspirates. Mixed infection was present in 11 (55%) of the 20 patients. Viral coinfection was demonstrated in five (25%) and bacterial in nine (45%) patients. Bacterial coinfection was common, 67%, in children with an infection focus, pneumonia or acute otitis media, but rare, 13%, in those without it. Seroconversion to nontypable Haemophilus influenzae was indicated in six children; four of them were infants, four had pneumonia and three acute otitis media. Pneumococcal infection was indicated in two patients with pneumonia, both aged over two years. Chlamydia trachomatis was involved in one case. The results indicate that bacterial coinfection is common in respiratory adenovirus infection affecting lower airways, especially if pneumonia is present.
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PMID:Mixed infection is common in children with respiratory adenovirus infection. 164 44

This was a randomized, third-party-blinded, multicenter study that compared once-daily azithromycin (500 mg on day 1, followed by 250 mg on days 2-5) to cefaclor (500 mg three times daily for 10 days) in the treatment of patients with acute bronchitis or pneumonia. A total of 546 patients were entered into the study and 272 patients were evaluable for efficacy analysis. Of these, 249 (176 azithromycin, 73 cefaclor) had bronchitis and 23 (15 azithromycin, 8 cefaclor) had pneumonia. The combined clinical cure and improvement rate, as determined by the investigator, was 96% for azithromycin and 94% for cefaclor, with 88% bacteriologic eradication in both treatment groups. The elimination of Haemophilus influenzae was significantly better with azithromycin (94.5%) than with cefaclor (61.1%) (p less than 0.001; Fisher's exact two-tail test). The two antibiotics were well tolerated during this study; the incidence of side effects reported was similar for azithromycin and cefaclor. Approximately two thirds of the side effects were mild. Only minor abnormalities in the screening laboratory tests were noted. This study shows that a 5-day course of once-daily azithromycin is as effective as a 10-day three times daily course of cefaclor in the treatment of patients with acute lower respiratory tract infections.
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PMID:Multicenter evaluation of azithromycin and cefaclor in acute lower respiratory tract infections. 165 40

The efficacy and safety of oral temafloxacin (600 mg) and ciprofloxacin (500 mg) twice daily for seven days were compared in patients with mild to moderate lower respiratory tract infections. Fifty-eight of 64 (91 percent) patients who received temafloxacin and 63 of 67 (94 percent) patients who received ciprofloxacin had clinical cure or improvement; bacteriologic cure occurred in 61 (95 percent) and 63 (94 percent), respectively. All 14 patients with pneumonia were clinically cured or improved and bacteriologically cured; 11 had complete resolution of roentgenographic evidence of pneumonia. Both quinolones eradicated most major respiratory pathogens. In the ciprofloxacin group, organisms persisted in three of seven Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates and in one of eight Hemophilus parainfluenzae isolates; all these pathogens were eliminated with temafloxacin. Theophylline blood levels significantly increased by 25 percent in the ciprofloxacin group and decreased by 5 percent in the temafloxacin group. Adverse events, mostly dizziness, headache, and gastrointestinal effects, occurred in 43 percent of temafloxacin patients and in 31 percent of ciprofloxacin patients.
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PMID:Temafloxacin compared with ciprofloxacin in mild to moderate lower respiratory tract infections in ambulatory patients. A multicenter, double-blind, randomized study. 165 75

The use of new quinolones has become established therapy for many community infections including urinary tract infection, genital infection, soft tissue infection and some forms of lower respiratory tract infection. However, there has been an undercurrent of anxiety concerning their efficacy in pneumococcal infections. Temafloxacin has improved activity against pneumococci and its high oral bioavailability and excellent penetration into respiratory tissues now combine to provide a suitable profile for the management of a wider range of respiratory infections. Eradication rates in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis collated from individual studies are 98% overall and 100% in pneumococcal infections. Furthermore, eradication rates in smokers and the elderly illustrate significant advantages for temafloxacin when compared with previous quinolones. In pneumonia, a twice-daily temafloxacin regimen has given equivalent overall results to those of amoxycillin (84.6% vs 80%). In proven pneumococcal pneumonia, equivalent results (78.6% vs 78.4%) have been obtained with both drugs. A daily 600 mg dose of temafloxacin eradicated 94% of pneumococcal isolates in one study and in another this agent given twice-daily orally proved comparable to parenteral cephalosporin treatment. Temafloxacin shares with other quinolones excellent bacteriological and clinical efficacy against Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. These results and the lack of potential interaction with theophylline indicate temafloxacin to be suitable for domiciliary management of respiratory tract infections in addition to a broad range of other community infectious diseases.
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PMID:The role of temafloxacin in the community setting: an overview. 166 25

A 2.5-year retrospective study of pyogenic meningitis in hospitalized children in Kelantan was carried out with regard to aetiology, clinical features, investigation, treatment and outcome. There were 58 children with 43 cases (74.1%) occurring below the age of 1 year. Frequent presenting symptoms included fever (98.3%), fits (77.6%), anorexia (39.7%), vomiting (34.5%) and drowsiness (12.1%). On admission, 37 (63.7%) had neck stiffness, 10 (17.2%) had Kernig's sign and 32 (55.2%) had coma. CSF cultures were positive for Haemophilus influenzae in 29 (50%), Streptococcus pneumonia in 13 (22.4%) and Neisseria meningitidis in 3 (5.2%). The antibiotic sensitivity profiles showed that the three main organisms were 100% sensitive to Chloramphenicol, Streptococcus pneumoniae was 100% sensitive to penicillin, Neisseria meningitidis was 100% sensitive to penicillin and ampicillin, and Haemophilus influenzae was 90% sensitive to penicillin and ampicillin. The total hospital mortality was 18.9%. All but two of the eleven deaths occurred in children younger than 1 year. Nineteen of the 35 (54.3%) survivors attended for at least one follow-up after discharge from hospital. Of these 19 children, 47.4% had neurological sequelae.
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PMID:Pyogenic meningitis in hospitalized children in Kelantan, Malaysia. 169 51

Cefpodoxime proxetil is the orally absorbed ester of cefpodoxime, a new third generation cephalosporin. In the gastrointestinal tract, cefpodoxime proxetil is hydrolysed to cefpodoxime, which has potent antibacterial activity against the major bacterial pathogens involved in lower respiratory tract infections: Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis (including beta-lactamase-producing strains), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (including amoxicillin-resistant strains). Six randomised comparative studies in patients with lower respiratory tract infections, 5 of which were large (enrollment of more than 200 patients) and double-blind, examined the efficacy and safety of cefpodoxime proxetil. Cefpodoxime proxetil (at a dosage equivalent to 200mg of cefpodoxime) administered twice daily for 5 to 10 days was similar in clinical and bacteriological efficacy to the following: amoxicillin 500mg 3 times daily in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia; intramuscular ceftriaxone Ig once daily in the treatment of pulmonary infections in hospitalised patients; and to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 500/125mg 3 times daily in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB). Additionally, a dosage equivalent to 100mg or 200mg of cefpodoxime twice daily was similar in clinical and bacteriological efficacy to amoxicillin 250mg 3 times daily in the treatment of bronchitis (acute or AECB). The adverse events noted with cefpodoxime proxetil administration were similar to those associated with other beta-lactam antibacterials and most commonly involved the gastrointestinal tract and skin or mucous membranes. Thus, cefpodoxime proxetil is a useful addition to the antibacterials available for the treatment of infections of the lower respiratory tract.
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PMID:Cefpodoxime proxetil in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections. 172 6


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