Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The use of cefaclor advanced formulation (cefaclor AF) in the treatment of pneumonia caused by susceptible organisms was investigated in a multi-center trial conducted in the United Kingdom and the United States. A total of 266 patients were enrolled in this double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, parallel study; 132 patients were treated with cefaclor AF and 134 patients received the reference drug cefaclor. Inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of lobar pneumonia or bronchopneumonia, with a positive sputum culture and an infiltrate on chest roentgenogram. Patients received either cefaclor AF (750 mg twice daily) or cefaclor (500 mg three times daily) for 10 to 14 days. Forty patients in the cefaclor AF group and 45 in the cefaclor group were evaluable for efficacy, with 37 (92.5%) and 43 (95.6%), respectively, showing a favorable posttherapy clinical response. Proven or presumed pathogen elimination was achieved in 87.5% and 86.7% of cases, respectively. Both study drugs demonstrated high levels of activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae (including beta-lactamase-producing strains), and Moraxella catarrhalis (including beta-lactamase-producing strains). There were no statistically significant differences between drugs in efficacy results. One or more side effects were reported by 42.4% of the patients treated with cefaclor AF and by 44.0% of those treated with cefaclor; diarrhea, nausea, headache, and respiratory disorders were the most common adverse events. No drug-related side effects were seen with a frequency or severity that would be unexpected with the use of oral cephalosporins. Cefaclor AF and cefaclor performed equally well with respect to clinical and bacteriologic response rates in the treatment of pneumonia.
 ...
PMID:Cefaclor advanced formulation versus cefaclor in the treatment of pneumonia. 152 91

For better definition of the clinical course and outcome of children with occult bacteremia caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), we reviewed the medical records of children who were initially managed as outpatients and subsequently found to be bacteremic. At Yale-New Haven Hospital (1971 to 1987) and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (1982 to 1987), 69 previously healthy children were identified with occult Hib bacteremia. Their median age was 14 months (range, 4 to 89 months). Thirty-six (52%) of the 69 were either febrile and/or had a focus of serious infection at follow-up (meningitis (17), pneumonia (5), epiglottitis (3), cellulitis (5), and septic arthritis (3)). Although the remaining 33 children (48%) were afebrile and appeared well on reevaluation, 3 of these 33 were still bacteremic and another 5 subsequently developed focal Hib infections. These 8 children were significantly younger (median age, 8.5 months) than the 25 children who remained well (median age, 16 months; P = 0.03). Of the 28 children who had initially been treated with antimicrobials to which their organism was known to be susceptible, 12 (43%) were improved at reevaluation and remained well; 7 (23%) of the 31 patients who had not received such antimicrobials improved and remained well (P = 0.17). Children initially managed as outpatients and later found to have had Hib bacteremia are at risk of subsequently developing a serious focal infection.
 ...
PMID:Outcome of children with occult bacteremia caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. 152 40

The in vitro and in vivo spectrum of antibacterial activity of clarithromycin is summarized and related to its human pharmacokinetics. In vitro studies by several investigators have documented clarithromycin's activity against bacterial agents of respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and sexually transmitted diseases. Clinical cure rates of 52%-83% (pneumonia), 79%-96% (bronchitis), 82%-96% (pharyngitis), 58% (sinusitis), and 78% (skin/skin-structure infections) have been reported in patients receiving clarithromycin in comparative trials. Respective bacteriologic eradication rates in clarithromycin recipients have been reported as 57%-89%, 79%-96%, 88%-100%, 89%, and 90%. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that clarithromycin, when combined with its major human metabolite, 14-hydroxyclarithromycin, is also effective against Haemophilus influenzae. A New Drug Application claiming efficacy in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infection, sinusitis, pharyngitis, and skin and skin-structure infections caused by susceptible pathogens has been filed with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This review summarizes relevant pharmacokinetic, microbiological, and clinical data for clarithromycin.
 ...
PMID:Clarithromycin, a unique macrolide. A pharmacokinetic, microbiological, and clinical overview. 153 Sep 14

In a retrospective analysis of all known HIV-positive patients admitted to the City Hospital before November 1989, 208 patients accounted for 612 admissions, 72% being injection drug users (IDUs). One hundred and eighty admissions (29%) were for chest-related disorders, and this was the commonest reason for admission. Unlike other U.K. centres where more than 50% chest problems are due to Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), only 27% of our chest admissions were for PCP. Fifty-four percent of chest admissions were for bacterial chest infections (BCIs), the commonest organism isolated being Haemophilus influenzae. Despite the fact that most (50/97) of these admissions were in patients with 'asymptomatic' HIV disease (CDC classification 2 and 3), 50% had radiological pneumonia, 43% were hypoxic, 28% were hypercapnic and the average duration of hospitalisation was 10 days. BCIs were more common in HIV-positive IDUs when compared with HIV-negative IDUs, other HIV-positive patients and the general age-matched population. Medical provision for IDU-related HIV disease should take into account the high rate of BCIs and of hospital admissions in patients who do not yet have CDC stage 4 disease.
 ...
PMID:The spectrum of chest infections in HIV positive patients in Edinburgh. 154 16

In a retrospective study of adults with severe community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP) admitted to the intensive care unit, 60 patients were identified from 25 hospitals within the 12-month study period. Thirty-two percent were aged less than 44 years and 65% less than 65. One-third were previously fit. Two or more of the following three features, respiratory rate greater than or equal to 30 min-1, diastolic blood pressure less than or equal to 60 mmHg and blood urea greater than 7 mmol l-1, were present in 72%. A pathogen was identified in 58% and five pathogens, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 86% of these. Gram-negative enterobacteria were identified only once. Forty-eight percent reached the intensive care unit within 24 h of hospital admission, with respiratory failure or progressive exhaustion being the main reason for transfer. However, eight patients were only transferred following a cardio-respiratory arrest on the general ward. Eighty-eight percent received assisted ventilation which was given for a median of 8 days. A median of 4 (range 1-11) different antibiotics were given to each patient, with erythromycin and the penicillins prescribed most frequently. Aminoglycosides were given to 43% of patients, although Gram-negative enterobacteria were rarely found. Forty-eight percent died during the acute illness and a further 5% died shortly afterwards. Multi-organ failure was common with respiratory failure alone accounting for a minority of deaths. Forty-eight percent of deaths occurred within 1 week of hospital admission, but of 18 patients still receiving assisted ventilation at 14 days, 67% survived.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:The aetiology, management and outcome of severe community-acquired pneumonia on the intensive care unit. The British Thoracic Society Research Committee and The Public Health Laboratory Service. 156 23

Nonencapsulated Haemophilus influenzae cause mainly respiratory tract infections, including otitis, sinusitis, and pneumonia. These infections may become chronic or recurrent in patients with bronchitis or otitis. Patients are usually infected with one strain at a time. During recurrent otitis, H. influenzae isolates have an outer membrane protein composition different from that seen during earlier episodes. In chronic bronchitis, H. influenzae strains persist for up to 1 year. In addition, isolates with different outer membrane protein compositions have been obtained that are antigenic variants of previous isolates. The variations occur in outer membrane protein b,c (P2), d (P5), or both. The variable parts are immunodominant, and antibodies to these parts are bactericidal. Cross-reactive bactericidal antibodies to outer membrane proteins have been elicited in immunized animals. These data indicate that natural immunity to nonencapsulated H. influenzae is mainly strain-specific but also that biologically active cross-reactive antibodies can be elicited by immunization.
 ...
PMID:Epidemiology and prevention of respiratory tract infections due to nonencapsulated Haemophilus influenzae. 158 58

Acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI) are the most common cause of death in Papua New Guinean children. Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae are almost universally carried in the nasopharynx from a young age and commonly cause disease. While most H. influenzae isolates from blood and cerebrospinal fluid are serotype b, other serotypeable and nonserotypeable H. influenzae are more frequently isolated in Papua New Guinea than in developed countries. Low levels of antipneumococcal antibody, malnutrition, and upper respiratory carriage of invasive pneumococcal serotypes are associated with increased risk of ALRI. An oral H. influenzae vaccine given to adults with chronic bronchitis reduced the bacterial load in sputum and may thereby help reduce transmission of bacteria in the community. The efficacy of conjugate H. influenzae type b vaccine in preventing pneumonia must be determined in developing countries; vaccines against other types of H. influenzae will also be needed to control pneumonia and meningitis.
 ...
PMID:Epidemiology of acute respiratory tract infections, especially those due to Haemophilus influenzae, in Papua New Guinean children. 158 65

Mortality surveys undertaken in rural areas of The Gambia, a small country on the west coast of Africa, indicate that acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI) are the most frequent cause of death among children and that approximately 1 in 25 rural Gambian children dies from an ALRI before the age of 5 years. Community surveys suggest that each child experiences an average of one episode of ALRI accompanied by radiographic changes before reaching this age. Etiologic studies have shown that pneumococci, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and respiratory syncytial virus are the most important causes of ALRI in Gambian children who present to a hospital, and the same three organisms are probably the major causes of severe ALRI in rural communities. Hib probably accounts for 5%-10% of cases of severe ALRI in Gambian children, and because the incidence of severe ALRI is high, an effective Hib conjugate vaccine might save as many childhood deaths by preventing pneumonia as by preventing meningitis.
 ...
PMID:Epidemiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections, especially those due to Haemophilus influenzae type b, in The Gambia, west Africa. 158 69

Approximately 500 children younger than 5 years old resident in 7 villages in a rural area of The Gambia were monitored closely for 1 year for episodes of acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI). Each episode was investigated with antigen detection techniques and antibody assays as well as culture for bacteria and viruses. A pathogen was identified in 76 (34.2%) of 222 cases with clinical signs of ALRI and in 34 (42%) of the 81 cases who, in addition, had radiologic evidence of ALRI. Evidence of infection with a bacterial pathogen, most commonly Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae, was obtained in 32 (14.4%) cases with clinical signs of ALRI (23.5% of those with radiologically proved pneumonia). Viral agents were cultured from 42 (19%) of 221 cases but also from 14 (14.6%) of 96 controls some of whom had minor symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection. In the absence of an outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus the viral agents recovered most often were influenza A and adenoviruses.
 ...
PMID:Etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children in a rural community in The Gambia. 160 84

Panipenem/betamipron (PAPM/BP) is a combination drug of PAPM, a new parenteral carbapenem antibiotic and BP, an amino acid derivative at a weight ratio of 1:1. Its in vitro antibacterial activities against clinically isolated respiratory pathogenic bacteria were determined. It was superior to imipenem (IPM) in the in vitro antibacterial activities against Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Branhamella catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureus including MRSA, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli. PAPM had antibacterial activities almost equal to those of IPM against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Enterococcus spp. Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however, its antibacterial activity was about 1/4 that of IPM. The clinical usefulness of PAPM/BP was studied by dissolving it in a solution containing lactate and administering the solution by intravenous drip infusion to 12 cases of respiratory tract infections. Out of 11 cases with respiratory tract infections excluding cytomegalovirus pneumonia, the efficacy rate was 90.9%, with 4 cases of excellent and 6 cases of good responses. In terms of its bacteriological efficacies, eradication of pathogenic bacteria including super-infection were observed in 2 out of 4 strains, but 2 strains of P. aeruginosa remained unchanged. Six strains appeared as superinfected bacteria during and after administration of this preparation substituting original pathogens. Side-effects were not observed in the 12 cases, and in laboratory tests, slight transient increases of S-GOT and S-GPT were found in 1 case. In conclusion, PAPM/BP is a very useful parenteral antibiotic against respiratory tract infections and can be one of the drugs of the first choice.
 ...
PMID:[A study on in vitro antibacterial activity and clinical usefulness in respiratory tract infections of panipenem/betamipron, a newly synthesized carbapenem antibiotic]. 161 67


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>