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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During a 14-year period there were 65 cases of pneumonia caused by Haemophilus influenzae b; 83% were children less than 2 years of age and 80% of illness occurred in winter and spring. The roentgenographic picture was consolidative pneumonia in 75% and pleural effusions were present in 75% of all cases. Ten patients had associated meningitis and three had purulent pericarditis. Otitis media was diagnosed in 43% and H influenzae b was isolated from eight middle ear aspirates. Three patients (5%) died. Recommendations for diagnosis and treatment are made.
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PMID:Report of 65 cases of Haemophilus influenzae b pneumonia. 31 22

Children not initially admitted to the hospital accounted for 42 of 94 episodes of bacteremia due to Haemophilus influenzae. Antibiotics were prescribed for 22 of the 42 children who were initially sent home; at second visit, 17 were improved, including all 13 with pneumonia. No antibiotics were prescribed for 20 children; at second visit, 15 had persistent fever or new focal infection and five had resolution of symptoms. New diagnoses of focal infection were made at second visit in three of the 22 treated and in 11 of the 20 untreated children, including three who had a new diagnosis of meningitis (one treated with antibiotics initially; two not treated). Cultures of blood positive for H. influenzae were obtained at second visit in ten children who were not treated initially; no child who was treated initially had a second positive culture. These findings indicate that although young children with bacteremia due to H. influenzae may be mildly ill at first visit, many are at risk for development of serious focal infection, including meningitis.
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PMID:Unsuspected bacteremia due to Haemophilus influenzae: outcome in children not initially admitted to hospital. 31 72

Diplococcus pneumoniae remains the most frequent cause of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. Other frequently isolated bacterial pathogens are Hemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella organisms, and Staphylococcus aureus. The etiologic agents most commonly implicated in hopsital-acquired pneumonias are gram-negative bacilli including E. coli, proteus organisms, and species of Klebsiella-Enterobacter, pseudomonas, and Serratia. Among older children and young-adults, Myocoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of penumonia. Influenza is the most important cause of viral pneumonia in adults, but there is increasing concern about pulmonary infection due to adenoviruses. In those with a history of travel to endemic areas, the diagnosis of fungal pneumonia due to Histoplasma capsulatrum, Blastomyces dermatitides, or Coccidioides immitis, should be considered. Penumonias due to opportunistic fungi (including species of Candida, Aspergillus, and Phycomycetes) and higher bacteria such as Nocardia asteroides are also on the increase, and these arise mostly in compromised hosts. Treatment of pneumonia almost always must be started before culture results are known and in the overwhelming majority of cases, appropriate regimens can be selected after taking an adquate history, doing a careful physical examination, evaluating expectorated sputum for cells and organisms, and examining the chest x-ray. Although anti-infective agents are the mainstay of treatment for most infectious pneumonias, supportive therapy, including adequate tracheobronchial toilet, drainage of abscesses, oxygen inhalation, maintenance of adequate nutrition, and monitoring for super-infection and anti-infective side effects may be life-saving in certain situations.
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PMID:Infectious pneumonias: a review. 32 Feb 85

Quantitative blood cultures were sought in 383 children, from whom routine blood cultures were obtained because of fever, by direct plating of 10 and 100 microliter blood onto solidified media. There were 14 positive cultures from 12 patients. These were 7 Hemophilus influenzae type b, 5 Streptococcus penumoniae, and 2 Staphylococcus aureus. The direct-plating technique permitted more rapid identification of positive cultures, and detected three episodes not identified by routine broth culture. Bacterial counts ranged from 20 to greater than 10(4) bacteria/ml blood. In the three cases of H. influenzae type b meningitis, bacteremia exceeded 10(3)/ml. Among nine patients in whom bacteremia was unassociated with meningitis, (bacteremia without evident localized disease 5, pneumonia 2, epiglottitis 1, peritonitis 1), bacteremia was less than 10(3)/ml. This technique may aid detection of bacteremia and help identify those children at highest risk for developing septic complications, such as meningitis.
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PMID:Detection and quantitation of bacteremia in childhood. 33 75

Eighty-eight Nigerian children with untreated, severe, acute pneumonia were investigated by standard bacteriological techniques (blood culture and culture of pharyngeal secretions) and by needle aspiration of the consolidated lung. Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) against grouped pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae type b antisera was carried out on serum samples from 45 patients. The aetiology of pneumonia was shown by examination of the needle aspirate in 70/88 patients (79%), by CIE in 9/45 patients (20%), and by blood culture in 4/36 patients (11%). Overall, a bacterial cause for pneumonia was shown in 73/88 patients (83%). The results of pharyngeal culture were misleading when compared with cultures of needle aspirates. The prediction of aetiology from the radiological appearance was alos inaccurate, even for labor pneumonia. Needle aspiration of the lung, with a low (5%) and minor complication rate, merits wider application in the diagnosis of acute pulmonary infections in children. Tradiational bacteriological techniques (blood culture and pharyngeal culture) are of very limited value. The place of CIE in the investigation of childhood pneumonia still needs thorough evaluation.
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PMID:Diagnosis of acute bacterial pneumonia in Nigerian children. Value of needle aspiration of lung of countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis. 34 23

Cefamandole nafate was effective in the treatment of a variety of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes group A, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae in infants and children. The infections included periorbital cellulitis and ethmoiditis, bacteremia, cellulitis, pneumonia, and lymphadenitis. In vitro, cefamandole was effective in inhibiting the growth of H. influenzae isolated from blood or cerebrospinal fluid of patients with meningitis or sepsis. In two patients rash developed and cefamandole was discontinued. Other significant adverse effects were not noted.
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PMID:Clinical and laboratory investigation of cefamandole therapy of infections in infants and children. 34 94

Cefuroxime is a new parenteral antibiotic with a wider spectrum of activity than earlier cephalosporins and is particularly active against Haemophilus influenzae, including strains resistant to ampicillin due to beta-lactamase production. From 18 centres, 274 patients suffering with 275 infections were treated with cefuroxime sodium using the standard regimen of 750 mg 8-hourly by intramuscular injection. The clinical results showed a 90% success rate in the patients with bronchopneumonia (105), 91% in patients with post-operative pneumonia (74), and 89% in the patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (96). Renal function was closely monitored during therapy, and no adverse changes attributable to cefuroxime therapy were seen in any patient, including those who also received frusemide. Two patients (0.7%) developed a rash, although 8 penicillin-allergic patients were treated without incident. From these studies, it can be concluded that 750 mg cefuroxime 8-hourly is effective in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections. It is suggested that the attributes of this antibiotic may offer several advantages over existing therapies.
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PMID:Cefuroxime in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infection. 37 91

A prospective, randomized, single-blind comparison of parenteral cefamandole and ampicillin was conducted in 27 hospitalized adult patients with pneumonia or purulent tracheobronchitis due to Haemophilus spp. Patients received either parenteral cefamandole or ampicillin in a dose of 1 g every 6 h. Cefamandole was as effective and safe as ampicillin. Of the 14 patients treated with cefamandole, 13 were considered cured, as were 12 of the 13 treated with ampicillin. One patient in each treatment group improved clinically but did not clear his sputum of Haemophilus spp. One patient treated with cefamandole had a recurrence of Haemophilus spp. bronchitis 9 days after cure. Adverse effects were more common in the cefamandole-treated group (50% versus 15%), but were mild and did not require discontinuation of therapy in any patient. The in vitro susceptibilities of 64 clinical isolates of Haemophilus spp. to 10 antibiotics were determined. Cefamandole was the most active of the cephalosporin-cephamycin antibiotics tested, inhibiting 98% of 61 non-beta-lactamase-producing isolates at 2 mug/ml and 100% at 4 mug/ml. Cefamandole inhibited the three ampicillin-resistant isolates at 2 mug/ml or less. Cephapirin, cefoxitin, and cephalothin were the next most active, whereas cefazolin and cephradine were the least active.
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PMID:Clinical and laboratory evaluation of cefamandole in the therapy of Haemophilus spp. Bronchopulmonary infections. 38 11

Pigs inoculated intranasally with Haemophilus parahaemolyticus, serotype 2, resisted challenge 3 weeks later with serotypes 2, 4 and 5 without showing clinical symptoms. The pigs were sacrificed 2 days after challenge, and post mortem examination showed a chronic pleuropneumonia from which only serotype 2 was re-isolated. Pigs inoculated intranasally with H. parahaemolyticus, serotype 2, showed no clinical symptoms when challenged 3 weeks later with serotype 1. Post mortem examination revealed a chronic pleuropneumonia with areas of necrosis from which H. parahaemolyticus, serotype 2, was re-isolated, but also small areas of a more acute fibrinous pneumonia from which serotype 1 was re-isolated. The control pig inoculated with only serotype 1 showed a severe acute fibrinous pleuropneumonia. The results indicate that a considerable cross immunity exists between the various serotypes of H. parahaemolyticus.
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PMID:Haemophilus parahaemolyticus serotypes. Pathogenicity and cross immunity. 39 50

One of the main uses of erythromycin in respiratory tract infection has been in the treatment of acute streptococcal tonsillitis as an alternative to penicillin. Studies on the quantitative bacteriology of tonsils obtained at tonsillectomy have shown large numbers of both haemolytic streptococci and Haemophilus species in most samples and these organisms can be effectively reduced in number by preoperative treatment with antibiotics such as erythromycin. Such investigations suggest that erythromycin might have wider use in the treatment of respiratory tract infections, particularly where Haemophilus influenzae and other Haemophilus species are involved. Apart from specific infections such as those due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae, erythromycin is effective in the treatment of acute pneumonia due to organisms such as the pneumococcus, and this paper reports the further use of erythromycin in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis where the clinical and bacteriological effects of treatment with this antibiotic are compared with those of ampicillin.
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PMID:Erythromycin in respiratory tract infection. 41 55


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