Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Epidemiologic studies indicate that the maximum incidence of otitis media (OM) occurs 6 to 24 months of age. Features associated significantly with recurrent OM include sex (males greater than females), race (white greater than black) and having a sibling with recurrent OM. Persistence of middle ear effusion (MEE) following acute OM is frequent; 40% of children have MEE one month after onset of OM. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are the most frequent organisms isolated from MEE of children with acute OM. Viruses and mycoplasma are uncommonly present in MEE. Therapy of acute OM includes antibiotics active against the two major organisms. Appropriate management of recurrent episodes of OM or persistent MEE is unclear but current studies include use of prophylactic antimicrobial agents and a multitype pneumococcal vaccine.
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PMID:Epidemiology, microbiology and management of otitis media. 38 13

Repetitive acute otitis media is due to recurrent bacterial infection of middle ear superimposed on chronic otitis media with effusion. Endotoxin, one of the constituents of Haemophilus influenzae, is present in some cases in the middle ear effusion of otitis media with effusion and has been demonstrated experimentally to damage the middle ear mucosa. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of killed H. influenzae on the adherence of H. influenzae and H. parainfluenzae to the middle ear epithelial cells. The numbers of adherent organisms per epithelial cell in ears inoculated previously with killed H. influenzae or with normal saline (0.9% NaCl) were compared. Prior middle ear inoculation of killed H. influenzae enhanced the adherence of H. influenzae to middle ear epithelial cells, but it had little effect on the adherence of H. parainfluenzae. H. influenzae adhered to middle ear epithelial cells in greater numbers than H. parainfluenzae. Results demonstrate that a middle ear pathogen adheres to middle ear epithelial cells presumably damaged by killed H. influenzae, whereas a non-pathogen does not. These findings might partly explain the increased susceptibility of an ear with chronic otitis media with effusion to recurrent infection with H. influenzae.
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PMID:Adherence of Haemophilus influenzae to middle ear mucosa injured by killed H. influenzae. 141 76

The occurrence of IgG, IgM and IgA class antibodies against a type-specific capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pn) and against a whole cell antigen of Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) and Branhamella catarrhalis (Br) was studied using the ELISA method on middle ear effusion (MEE) samples of 85 patients and paired serum samples of 40 patients during the course of acute otitis media (AOM). Although specific antibodies to all of these three bacteria appeared in MEE during the course of an AOM episode, antibodies against the infecting bacteria of that particular AOM episode were more often prominent. The antibodies were also detectable in the MEE without simultaneous presence in the serum. The middle ear infection was prolonged more often if specific antibodies to the infecting bacterium could not be detected in the MEE obtained at the beginning of the AOM attack. The present study indicates that AOM caused by Pn, Hi or Br may induce both a systemic and a local production of specific antibodies against the causative organisms during the course of otitis media. The occurrence of such antibodies in MEE seems to play a major role in the resolution of AOM.
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PMID:Occurrences of antibodies against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Branhamella catarrhalis in middle ear effusion and serum during the course of acute otitis media. 190 85

A total of 137 children with acute otitis media with effusion were randomly allocated to treatment with cefprozil (30 mg/kg/day divided into two equal doses), an investigational cephalosporin or amoxicillin clavulanate potassium (40 mg/kg/day divided into three equal doses) for 10 days. The most common pathogens obtained from middle ear cavities by tympanocentesis were Streptococcus pneumoniae (33%), Haemophilus influenzae (19.6%) and Moraxella catarrhalis (8.3%). Patients were scheduled for follow-up visits at midtreatment, at end of therapy and at 30 days. Of the 137 children 122 were evaluable. Five of 60 patients (8.3%) treated with cefprozil and 14 of 62 patients (22.5%) treated with amoxicillin clavulanate potassium were considered therapeutic failures because of persistence of symptoms and/or isolation of the original pathogen or superinfection (P = 0.05). Rates of relapse, reinfection and persistent middle ear effusion as documented by tympanogram were comparable in both groups. When persistent middle ear effusion was analyzed by pneumatic otoscopy, 64 of 103 affected ears (62.1%) treated with cefprozil and 80 of 105 affected ears (76.1%) treated with amoxicillin clavulanate potassium were abnormal (P = 0.04). Loose stools were more common in children treated with amoxicillin clavulanate potassium than in children treated with cefprozil (P = 0.0004). Based on the efficacy results from this study, the lower gastrointestinal side effects and the convenience of twice-a-day dosing, we believe that cefprozil in a dosage of 30 mg/kg/day divided every 12 hours represents a potential alternative for the treatment of acute otitis media with effusion in children.
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PMID:Comparative trial of cefprozil vs. amoxicillin clavulanate potassium in the treatment of children with acute otitis media with effusion. 190 60

The occurrence of specific secretory antibodies against the type-specific capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pn) and against the whole cell antigen of Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) and Branhamella catarrhalis (Br) were measured by the ELISA method in 211 middle ear effusion (MEE) samples of 85 children with acute otitis media (AOM) during the course of the disease. Antibodies against at least one of those bacteria were detected at the initial visit in 33.6% of the ears and later in 20%. All in all, such antibodies could be found in 50% of the ears during the follow-up. Pneumococcal secretory antibodies were found in 5 out of 116 ears only, anti-Hi antibodies in 52 and anti-Br antibodies in 42 ears. The specific secretory antibodies were detected against all these bacteria regardless of the bacterial etiology of the AOM attack in question. The AOM attack was prolonged more often if such antibodies were not found in the MEE sample taken at the initial visit. The appearance of such antibodies during the disease seemed to imply termination of the AOM episode in question. The conclusions of this study are that during an AOM attack a local production of antibodies in middle ear against the three most common bacteria. Pn, Hi and/or Br, causing AOM may be induced. The appearance of such antibodies in MEE seems to be beneficial for the resolution of AOM.
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PMID:Secretory antibodies specific to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Branhamella catarrhalis in middle ear effusion during acute otitis media. 190 86

Serum type (IgG, IgM and IgA-class) and secretory type antibodies specific to Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pn), Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) and Branhamella catarrhalis (Br) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 46 serum and 114 middle ear effusion (MEE) samples from 85 children with acute otitis media (AOM). The samples were obtained within 12 h from the onset of the ear symptoms. Serum (but not secretory) type antibodies to the infecting Pn serotype were found in 24% of the MEE samples of the patients with Pn AOM and, correspondingly, serum and/or secretory type antibodies to Hi and Br were seen in 54% and 63% of the MEE samples of the patients with Hi or Br AOM, respectively. Moreover, antibodies against bacteria other than the causative one could also be found in the MEE. The occurrence of the serum type antibodies against these bacteria in the MEE was closely correlated with their serum levels. The findings of this study indicate that during the very early phase of AOM, the MEE contains both serum type antibodies originating from the serum, and secretory antibodies of middle ear origin. Among them there are antibodies specific to the three most common bacteria causing AOM (Pn, Hi, and Br) regardless of the bacterial etiology of the AOM attack in question.
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PMID:Antibodies against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Branhamella catarrhalis in middle ear effusion during early phase of acute otitis media. 210 60

Bacteriological and cytological examinations were performed on 105 middle ear secretions from 66 children with middle ear effusion (MEE) of more than 3 months' duration. The secretions were searched for granulocytes and the activity of these cells was judged by their capacity for random locomotion and their ability to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium. The functional characteristics of the granulocytes were compared with the bacteriological findings on cultures from MEE. Bacteria commonly regarded as pathogens in middle ear infections (Hemophilus influenzae, Branhamella catarrhalis or Streptococcus pneumoniae) were found in 25% of the secretions. Granulocytes with activity or lacking activity, virtually dead, were found in all secretions where these bacteria were isolated. In secretions where bacteria commonly regarded as commensals, mainly staphylococci, were isolated, about two thirds of the secretions showed phagocytes with or without activity. No relation between bacterial growth and the functional state of the granulocytes was observed. In contrast, no phagocytes were found in over 60% of MEE lacking bacterial growth. These findings suggest a role for bacteria in the development and maintenance of secretory otitis media.
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PMID:Cytological and bacteriological aspects of secretory otitis media. 212 11

Nontypable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) has become the predominant cause of both acute suppurative otitis media and chronic otitis media with effusion. It has now been well-demonstrated that both outer membrane proteins and restriction fragment analysis of the bacterial genomes of concomitant nasopharyngeal and middle ear effusion isolates of NTHI are identical. It is therefore of critical importance to understand the mechanisms whereby bacteria that are present in normal healthy children in small numbers become the predominant organism in the nasopharynx in otitis media. The studies presented here suggest that nontypable Haemophilus influenzae can effectively decrease ciliary function as measured by stroboscopic illumination of ciliary beat frequency on human adenoidal organ culture. This organism also produces significant histopathologic and ultrastructural damage to the epithelial cells and cilia of adenoid organ culture, demonstrated by both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The data suggest the following hypothesis: nontypable Haemophilus influenzae can destroy mucociliary function and allow increased bacterial replication in the mucus overlying the nasopharyngeal mucosa. The mucociliary system of the eustachian tube may also be involved in a similar manner, thus allowing bacteria to enter the middle ear space via the eustachian tube.
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PMID:Human adenoidal organ culture: a model to study nontypable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) and other bacterial interactions with nasopharyngeal mucosa--implications in otitis media. 212 1

The peroperative bacteriology and cytology of the middle ear have been studied in 103 ears in 65 children operated on due to longstanding secretory otitis media. Within one month postoperatively, 12 ears (12%) showed signs of infection with discharge from the tube. Ten out of these 12 ears showed peroperative growth of Hemophilus influenzae, Branhamella catarrhalis, pneumococci or staphylococci in the middle ear effusions, a significant difference compared to ears without postoperative discharge. The peroperative cytological evaluation of the middle ear effusions from 10 out of the 12 patients with postoperative ear discharge showed presence of phagocytes as a sign of infection. It is concluded that pre-existing bacteria in the middle ear effusion of patients with longstanding secretory otitis media might increase the risk of postoperative infection within the first month after insertion of transmyringeal tubes.
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PMID:Ear discharge after insertion of transmyringeal tubes. 212 87

Otitis media with effusion is a significant cause of hearing loss in young children. We hypothesized that persistent bacterial antigens in middle ear effusions (MEEs) might act as chronic inflammatory stimuli causing release of neutrophil proteins. Concentrations of neutrophil lactoferrin and a 37-kd cationic bactericidal protein (CAP 37) were measured in 47 MEEs collected from 27 children at the time of tympanostomy tube placement. Antigens of Streptococcus pneumoniae were detected by latex particle agglutination and those of Haemophilus influenzae by dot-blot assay. Bacterial antigens were detectable in 24 (51%) of MEEs: S pneumoniae in 10 (21%), H influenzae in 12 (26%), and both antigens in 2 (4%). Concentrations of lactoferrin and CAP 37 in H influenzae antigen-positive MEEs were significantly higher than in either S pneumoniae antigen-positive or antigen-negative MEEs. We conclude that H influenzae antigen causes a greater middle-ear inflammatory response, as judged by neutrophil products, than does S pneumoniae antigen.
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PMID:Bacterial antigens and neutrophil granule proteins in middle ear effusions. 230 52


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