Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Clinical effect of amoxicillin was evaluated in 29 cases of the acute infections of ear, nose and throat: 8 cases of acute purulent otitis media, one case of acute otitis externa, one case of furuncle of the ear, 2 cases of acute sinusitis, 12 cases of acute lacunar tonsillitis, 2 cases of pharyngolaryngitis, one case of acute cervical lymphadenitis, one case of phlegmon of the face and one case of acute gingivitis. The following results were obtained from the clinical and laboratory studies. 1) The therapeutic results were excellent in 18 cases, good in 5 cases, fair in 3 cases and poor in 3 cases. The effect was observed in 79.3% of the patients treated. 2) The causative bacteria were: 3 strains of beta-Streptococcus hemolyticus, 4 strains of Hemophilus, 4 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, one strain of Diplococcus pneumoniae, one strain of Gram-positive Diplococcus and Gram-negative Bacillus. Clinically good results were obtained in patients infected with beta-Streptococcus hemolyticus, Hemophilus and Diplococcus pneumoniae. 3) No side effect was observed with amoxicillin, except slight diarrhea in one case. This side effect disappeared by cessation of the administration. 4) No unfavourable influence was noticed on peripheral blood, liver function nor renal function by administration of amoxicillin. 5) From the results of this series, amoxicillin seems to be useful in the treatment of acute infections of the ear, nose and throat.
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PMID:[Clinical study on amoxicillin in otorhinolaryngological field (author's transl)]. 115 88

Flomoxef sodium (FMOX) was evaluated experimentally and clinically in neonates. 1. Serum concentrations and urinary excretions of the drug were examined after a bolus intravenous injection at 20 mg/kg to 22 neonates 1-30 days after birth (durations of pregnancy 31-43 weeks, weights at birth 1,650-4,040 g) and 5 infants 50-95 days after birth (durations of pregnancy 33-40 weeks, weights at birth 1,720-3,308 g). Serum concentrations were 10.8-67.6 micrograms/ml (mean 32.7 +/- 2.8 micrograms/ml) and 25.1-52.0 micrograms/ml (mean 38.9 +/- 4.3 micrograms/ml) in the neonates and the infants, respectively, at their peaks (0.5 hour value), decreased thereafter with half-lives of 0.96-5.59 hours (mean 2.20 +/- 0.26 hours value), and 0.97-1.54 hours (mean 1.22 +/- 0.12 hours value), respectively. Serum levels decreased to 0.2-17.1 micrograms/ml (mean 2.9 +/- 0.6 micrograms/ml) and N.D. -1.1 micrograms/ml (mean 0.4 +/- 0.2 micrograms/ml) after 8 hours, respectively. The urinary recovery rates of the drug in the first 8 hours after administration were 15.0-96.0% (mean 53.7 +/- 4.9%) and 29.9-73.3% (mean 62.4 +/- 9.4%) in the neonates and in the infants, respectively. 2. FMOX was administered to 78 neonates (durations of pregnancy 31-42 weeks, weights at birth 1,420-3,860 g) in whom bacterial infections were established or suspected, and clinical, bacteriological, and side effects were evaluated. In 47 neonates examined (1 with sepsis, 3 with acute upper respiratory infections, 18 with acute pneumonia, 1 with umbilical infection, 1 with impetigo, 4 with acute urinary tract infections, 1 with acute otitis externa, 1 with periproctal abscess, and 17 with intrauterine infections), the treatment was markedly effective in 41, and effective in 6, with an overall efficacy rate of 100%. The bacterilogical effects of the drug on 3 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 1 strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 1 strain of Streptococcus agalactiae, 9 strains of Escherichia coli, and 2 strains of Haemophilus influenzae which were responsible for these infections were all rated as "eradicated". Moreover, the drug, administered with or without prophylactic intentions showed complete prophylactic effects in all 27 cases tested. No side effects were observed in any of the patients. Concerning abnormal clinical laboratory results, increases in GOT were noted in 2, eosinophilia in 1, and thrombocytosis in 1, but these abnormalities were invariably mild and the normalized in 1 patient without treatment. The results suggest that FMOX is useful and safe also in neonates.
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PMID:[Laboratory and clinical evaluations of flomoxef sodium in neonates]. 178 77

Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of cefpirome (CPR, HR 810) in children were studied. When 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg doses of CPR were administered to 4 children through 30 minutes' drip infusion, half-lives were 1.23 +/- 0.23 (mean +/- S.D.) hours and 1.37 +/- 0.35 (mean +/- S.D.) hours, respectively for the 2 dose levels, and recovery rates in urine in the first 6 hours after administration were 74.8% and 56.1%, respectively. CPR was administered to 15 cases (3 tonsillitis, 3 bronchitis, 5 bronchopneumonia, 1 acute cystitis, 1 coxoiliatitis, 1 otitis media, 1 otitis externa). The efficacy rate was 86.7%. Seven strains of bacteria were isolated and identified 4 Haemophilus influenzae, 3 Staphylococcus aureus, 1 Pseudomonas sp. from these cases. These bacteria in children were followed after administration of CPR. Six strains were eradicated and one was reduced in number. No adverse effects of CPR were observed except in 2 cases, one of which showed transient eosinophilia and the other showed a transient increase of transaminase. These results suggest that CPR may be an effective and safe drug to use on children clinically.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetics and clinical evaluation of cefpirome in children]. 204 Nov 60

This study included 107 patients who were given ofloxacin at daily doses of 400-800 mg for 10 days to 12 months for treatment of a variety of infections. 77 patients were given ofloxacin orally and 30 received it intravenously. Infections treated were bronchopneumonia (29), chronic bronchitis with acute exacerbation (15), chronic osteomyelitis with exacerbation (20), soft tissue infections (13), complicated urinary tract infections (7), chronic prostatis with exacerbation (7), malignant external otitis (4), or other infections (12). Pathogens included Pseudomonas aeruginosa (39), Acinetobacter spp. (9), various Enterobacteriaceae (30), Haemophilus influenzae (26), pneumococci (1) and Staphylococcus aureus (4). MICs of ofloxacin ranged from less than 0.06-2 mg/l. Clinically, 69% of the patients were cured, 18% improved and 13% failed to respond. Bacteriologically, pathogens were eradicated in 70%, persisted in 16% and relapsed in 14%. Resistance during therapy developed almost exclusively in P. aeruginosa strains (17.9%). The following adverse reactions were reported: gastrointestinal disturbances (6), rash plus facial oedema (1), abnormal liver function tests (5) and leukopenia (1). It is concluded that ofloxacin is suitable for treatment of a variety of infections, ranging from serious life threatening infections in ICU patients to chronic ones that require prolonged therapy.
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PMID:Clinical experience with parenteral and oral ofloxacin in severe infections. 221 25

Cefozopran (CZOP) was administered intravenously to 22 infants (aged 3 months to 15 years) with infections excluding suppurative meningitis in doses of 10 to 40 mg/kg 3 to 4 times daily for periods of 3 to 16 days and its efficacy and safety in infantile infections as well as pharmacokinetic parameters were determined. The half-lives of CZOP after intravenous administration at doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg were 2.84, 2.36 +/- 0.67, and 2.48 hours, respectively. The rates of recovery in the urine within 6 hours of administration were 83.6%, 62.9 +/- 23.1%, and 77.3%, respectively. The subjects for whom drug responses were evaluable consisted of 1 case of suppurative meningitis, 8 cases of respiratory tract infection, 2 cases of urinary tract infection, 2 cases of oral infection, 2 cases of pharyngotonsillitis, 1 case of skin soft tissue infection, and 1 case of external otitis, totaling 17 cases. The efficacy rate was 88.2%. The drug proved so effective on suppurative meningitis in particular that the patient was healed without leaving any sequela behind. Seven strains were identified as causative pathogens (5 strains of Haemophilus influenzae, 1 strain of Staphylococcus aureus, 1 strain of group B Streptococcus) isolated from 6 patients. All but 1 strain were eradicated (the rate of eradication 83.3%). In the patients with suppurative meningitis the bacterial count of spinal fluid was markedly decreased 6 hours after drug administration and the organism was eradicated in 45 hours. Eruption was noted in 1 patient as a side effect of CZOP, but disappeared soon after discontinuation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of cefozopran in the field of pediatrics]. 785 83

In the article that follows, Carroll and Reimer address a number of issues related to the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infections. These syndromes occur with great frequency in both adults and children and have tremendous economic impact, related not only to lost productivity in the workplace but also to the frequent prescription by physicians of antibiotics, even when the etiologic agents of infection almost certainly are not bacteria. Most of these infections are diagnosed clinically, and specimens for microbiological identification are not obtained. Indeed, the difficulty in obtaining microbiological specimens that are not contaminated by resident colonizing flora often results in laboratory culture reports of dubious clinical value. As the authors note, the most standardized procedures are for the diagnosis of pharyngitis due to Streptococcus pyogenes. The preferred culture methods are reviewed as are the sensitivities, specificities, and limitations of rapid direct tests for group A streptococcal antigens. Currently, as the authors emphasize, a negative direct test mandates a conventional culture for S. pyogenes. More problematic are requests for isolation of other streptococci, Haemophilus species, corynebacteria, and gram-negative bacteria. Given limited resources, cost-containment imperatives, and the absence of clear evidence that these organisms are pharyngeal pathogens associated with important sequelae, my laboratory does not attempt to isolate these bacteria unless the ordering physician has directly consulted with me (the laboratory director). Carroll and Reimer emphasize that nasopharyngeal cultures have no place in the microbiological diagnosis of otitis media and that diagnostic tympanocentesis is the only procedure for obtaining specimens that yield reliable microbiological findings. They also point out the futility of using swabs to obtain material for the diagnosis of otitis externa, since the external auditory canal cannot be decontaminated sufficiently to obtain a meaningful culture result. Finally, the authors address the available methods for obtaining specimens to establish the etiology of sinusitis. For microbiological diagnosis, direct antral puncture has been the method of choice for many years. However, otorhinolaryngologists now obtain many specimens endoscopically. It probably is not possible to obtain specimens by this method without contamination by normal upper respiratory flora. Thus, results of cultures of endoscopic specimens are more difficult to interpret. For patients with complicated illnesses, use of the diagnostic "gold standard" of antral puncture, as well as biopsy with histopathologic correlation, should be encouraged.
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PMID:Microbiology and laboratory diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infections. 914 29

In order to evaluate the annual changes of susceptibility, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ofloxacin (OFLX) and 4 control drugs were determined against clinical isolates that were obtained from patients with otitis media and otitis externa during the periods between January and December 1993, and the periods between October 1996 and March 1997. The results are summarized as follows: 1. No annual changes were seen for MIC50 of OFLX, but MIC80 and MIC90 of that rose against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from 1993 to 1996. It appears that resistance to OFLX is increasing among these bacteria. Detection frequency of highly resistant strains to OFLX (MIC > 100 micrograms/ml) was lower than to other control drugs. 2. No annual changes were seen of MIC50, MIC80 and MIC90 of OFLX against methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), Streptococcus spp., Proteus spp. and Haemophilus influenzae. OFLX showed strong antimicrobial activities against these bacteria. 3. Since there was no large annual changes in the antimicrobial activity of OFLX against clinical isolates that were obtained from patients with otitis media and otitis externa, OFLX otic solution was considered as one of the clinically useful drugs even now.
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PMID:[Antimicrobial activity of ofloxacin against recent clinical isolates from otitis media and otitis externa]. 984 83

A descriptive study was made of infectious ear disease (including diffuse otitis externa, otomycosis, acute-on-chronic otitis media, and superinfection of a radical mastoidectomy cavity) in relation to changes of weather and habits in summer. During the months of June, July, and August 1996, 179 patients were evaluated in the emergency room of the Alicante General University Hospital, Spain. Average patient age at presentation was 30.52 (+/- 20.08) years and 56% were men. The most frequent disease was diffuse otitis externa (78%) followed by acute-on-chronic otitis media (12%), otomycosis (8%), and superinfection of a radical mastoidectomy cavity (2%). The most frequently involved microorganisms were Pseudomonas aeruginosa in diffuse otitis externa, Aspergillus niger and Candida in otomycosis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Proteus mirabilis, and Staphylococcus aureus in acute-on-chronic otitis media. Patients were treated by cleaning detritus and secretions, usually followed by topical antibiotics for a maximum period of one week.
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PMID:[Descriptive study of infectious ear disease in relation to summer]. 1079 27

In bacterial infections of the sinuses and the middle ear Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Staphylococcus aureus are most frequently isolated, whereas in tonsillopharyngitis Streptococcus pyogenes is the most important pathogen. S. aureus is found in up to 40 % in acute and chronic sinusitis and causes severe complications in otitis media, therefore antibiotics used as empirical initial treatment should also be effective against this pathogen. To decrease duration of illness and to avoid serious complications antibiotic treatment of bacterial ENT-infections is necessary. The new ketolides and the third and fourth generation quinolones are very effective and the second generation cephalosporins like cefuroxime axetil have proven excellent clinical and bacteriological efficacy in numerous clinical trials combined with an excellent resistance pattern over the years. Efficacy of short course therapy (5 days) in sinusitis and tonsillopharyngitis has been proven in clinical trials and is cost saving. In more severe infections treated in hospital sequential i. v./oral therapy offers pharmaco-economical benefits. Both regimen demonstrate cost savings while maintaining high clinical efficacy. In more severe infections like otitis externa diffusa, otitis externa maligna, otitis media chronica and perichondritis Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a dangerous pathogen that has to be covered by initial antibiotic treatment. Ciprofloxacin and Ceftazidime are widely used and effective. Ciprofloxacin resistance has increased, while Ceftazidime susceptibility is unchanged (> 90 %). A dose reduction study with ceftazidime in severe ENT-infections showed equivocal efficacy between 3 x 1 g and 3 x 2 g daily that offers a cost benefit of 50 %.
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PMID:[Current therapeutical management, new antibiotics and treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in bacterial ENT-infections]. 1184 1

Change in the susceptibility of bacterial pathogens to antimicrobial agents is constant. The efficacy of a new drug may change as it is used in clinical settings, and resistant bacterial clones result from the encounter of drug and organism. Soon after the introduction of the sulfonamides in the mid-1930s, the first effective agents of the antimicrobial era, resistance of pneumococci and group A streptococci was evident. In each of the following decades, a different problem in multidrug resistance occurred among common bacterial pathogens: beta-lactamase-producing staphylococci in the 1950s; highly resistant gram-negative enteric bacteria in the 1960s; beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in the 1970s; and multidrug-resistant pneumococci in the 1980s. Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory pathogens is now a common clinical problem throughout the world, and its management is a part of routine office practice. Currently in the United States, about 25% of pneumococci are resistant to penicillin, and 25% of H influenzae and 90% of M catarrhalis produce beta-lactamase and would be inactivated by organisms producing the enzyme. The emergence of penicillin and multidrug-resistant pneumococci and beta-lactamase-producing strains of H influenzae and M catarrhalis have special importance for the management of infections of the middle ear. The widespread use of oral and parenteral antimicrobial drugs for appropriate and inappropriate uses has driven the emergence and spread of resistant organisms. This article discusses current susceptibility patterns of organisms involved in middle ear infections, risk factors associated with development of resistant strains, strategies for limiting the incidence and spread of resistant organisms and, as part of the strategy, use of ototopical rather than systemic antimicrobial drugs for chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) and acute otitis media (AOM) in children with tympanostomy tubes. Although many ototopical agents are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the indication of otitis externa, only ofloxacin otic is approved for treatment of CSOM in patients older than 12 years of age and AOM in children with tympanostomy tubes who are 1 year of age or older.
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PMID:Strategies for decreasing multidrug antibiotic resistance: role of ototopical agents for treatment of middle ear infections. 1240 20


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