Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Xylitol is a polyol sugar alcohol and is referred to as birch sugar, because it can be produced from birch. Natural sources of xylitol include plums, strawberries, raspberries and rowan berries. Xylitol inhibits the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae and it inhibits the attachment of both pneumococci and Haemophilus influenzae on the nasopharyngeal cells. In two clinical trials xylitol was found efficient to prevent the development of acute otitis media with a daily dose of 8.4-10 g of xylitol given in five divided doses. The efficacy in these 2-3 months follow-up trials was approximately 40% when chewing gum was used and approximately 30% with xylitol syrup. The need to use antimicrobials reduced markedly when using xylitol. In a high-risk group of children with tympanostomy tubes xylitol was ineffective in preventing otitis. Xylitol appears to be an attractive alternative to prevent acute otitis media. A more practical frequency of doses should be found before its use can be widely recommended.
 ...
PMID:Xylitol in preventing acute otitis media. 1116 79

The AA. have realized a prospective study of the links between the bacterial flora of the nasopharynx and the secretory otitis media in grown-up people. For achieving this purpose nasopharyngeal smears of rhinopharyngeal samples belonging to 85 otitic patients and other 85 healthy adults were cultivated. Statistical analysis showed that the otitis cases presented with 63.6% of microorganisms potentially pathogenic, being the 17.6% the percentage among healthy individuals (p < 0.001). Microorganisms more frequently encountered were: Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Staphylococcus aureus. After the medical treatment those patients recovered showed an increase of saprophyte flora from early 36.4% till 86% (p < 0.001). It could be appreciate a seasonal influence in the debut of this malady specially in winter.
 ...
PMID:[Nasopharyngeal bacterial flora and secretory otitis in adults]. 1120 May 52

Arbitrarily primed PCR with primer ERIC2 and RAPD Ready-to-Go beads was applied to study the epidemiology of non-typable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) isolated from the nasopharynx of children with recurrent otitis media (otitis-prone children). Thirty-five otitis-prone children (OP-children) were included. Three pairs of siblings were identified in the study population. This study is part of a large prospective multicentric trial investigating the efficacy of a new conjugated pneumococcal vaccine in OP-children (OMAVAX trial). During a 2-year study period, NTHI strains were isolated from nasopharyngeal swabs and, when possible, middle ear aspirates were collected in OP-children between 1 and 6 years of age. In 20 out of the 35 children, 48 H. influenzae isolates were obtained simultaneously from different sites (left and/or right ear and/or nasopharynx) of the same child as well as from siblings or during initial and follow-up visits of the same child. Subsequent genotyping indicated substantial genetic diversity among the H. influenzae isolates studied, since for a total of 48 isolates in 20 OP-children, 29 different genotypes were observed. Simultaneous isolation for different sampling sites (ear or nasopharynx) as well as for siblings resulted mostly in identical fingerprints. Longitudinal follow-up of H. influenzae isolates in the nasopharynx almost always resulted in different genotypes. We can therefore conclude that both cross colonization (between sampling sites within the same patient and between siblings) and turnover of H. influenzae isolates are high in OP-children.
 ...
PMID:Turnover of Haemophilus influenzae isolates in otitis-prone children. 1125 97

Bony tissues are integral parts of the function of the middle ear and the protection of adjacent vital structures. To explore the reaction of middle ear bone to acute otitis media, rats were challenged with Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Local changes were monitored for up to 1 month. After reverse transcription, competitive polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the expression levels of two molecular markers of bone formation, osteocalcin and procollagen I, and the two cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, in the bone. Middle ear bone responded rapidly to bacterial challenge, and the reaction depended upon the causative agent. On day 1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha transcripts were detected in the bone from all middle ears. After a short period of decreased expression of osteocalcin, during which the otitis diagnosis could not be made clinically, the levels of bone formation markers increased dramatically. The maximum levels of these markers were reached on days 6 and 14 for animals challenged with H. influenzae and pneumococci, respectively. Infections induced by pneumococci had a longer duration, and after the initial phase the production of osteocalcin and procollagen transcript were significantly higher in the pneumococcus-infected animals. The results indicate that even in an uncomplicated infection, the bone of the bulla reacts to an acute otitis media with a short period of inhibited osteoblast activity followed by a longer period of new bone formation.
 ...
PMID:Expression of molecular markers for bone formation increases during experimental acute otitis media. 1127 36

Carriage rates for the bacterial pathogens associated with otitis media (Streptococcus pneumoniae [SP], Hemophilus influenzae [HI], and Moraxella catarrhalis [MC]) are of interest. Culture on three selective agars was compared with culture on two standard agars to determine the more accurate method for detection of these species in the nasopharynx of healthy children. Weekly samples were obtained in winter from 18 healthy children (ages 1 through 9 years) as part of a longitudinal study. A 0.1-mL sample of 116 nasopharyngeal aspirate/washes was inoculated onto each of five agars. Two were standard (sheep blood and chocolate), and three were selective (blood with gentamicin for SP; chocolate with vancomycin, bacitracin, and clindamycin for HI; blood with amphotericin B, vancomycin, trimethoprim, and acetazolamide for MC). One technician read the standard plates and another the selective; both were blinded to the results of the other. SP was found in 44% of samples with selective agar versus 25% with standard agar; HI was found in 31% with selective versus 9% with standard; MC was found in 56% with selective versus 37% with standard. Overall, 80% of samples had one or more pathogens detected with selective agars as compared with 58% with standard agars (P =.0004). Selective agars were more accurate than standard agars for detecting otitis pathogens in the nasopharynx, where they are a common part of normal flora in healthy children.
 ...
PMID:Bacterial pathogens of otitis media and sinusitis: detection in the nasopharynx with selective agar media. 1170 58

OBJECTIVE: To study the nasopharyngeal colonization in otitis-prone children before and after adenoidectomy. METHODS: The study population consisted of 35 children between 11 months and 4 years of age, undergoing adenoidectomy and tube placement for recurrent acute otitis media. All these children were otitis prone (OP). During general anesthesia, bacteriologic samples were obtained from the nasopharynx and the middle ear fluid, if present. During the follow-up visit, a new nasopharyngeal culture was taken. The control population consisted of 35 children undergoing surgery for non-ear-nose-throat pathology. These children had no history of recurrent upper respiratory tract infections. RESULTS: Colonization of the nasopharynx with potential pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae) occurred significantly more in the OP children than in the non-OP children. Adenoidectomy resulted in a substantial decrease of potential middle ear pathogens in the nasopharynx and an increase of normal commensal flora. In about half of the patients, middle ear fluid was still present at the time of tube placement; in most instances, H. influenzae was cultured. Typing with arbitrarily primed PCR indicated substantial genetic diversity among the H. influenzae isolates studied. CONCLUSIONS: Both cross-colonization (between sampling sites within the same patient and between siblings) and turnover appeared to be high.
 ...
PMID:Role of nasopharyngeal bacterial flora in the evaluation of recurrent middle ear infections in children. 1185 4

Acute otitis media is an extremely common disease, most children being subject to it once or more during their first 5 years of life. Thirty to forty per cent of episodes of acute otitis media are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Resistance of pneumococci to antibiotics is an increasing problem particularly in France. Since 1983 a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine has been available, containing in particular four serotypes that carry penicillin resistance. Unfortunately, this vaccine is therefore not fully effective until after the age of 2 years. In spite of good serologic responses, clinical results have been variable. Some found that this diminished frequency only lasted for several months and ended as serotypes not included in the 23-valent vaccines began to appear. Since 1992, studies have been carried out using different pneumococcal vaccines conjugated to diphtheria, tetanus or meningococcal proteins. Despite the incomplete nature of the data, it can already be confirmed that these vaccines are immunogenic from the very first months of life onwards. Numerous problems nevertheless remain unsolved. How many serotypes can be included in the conjugate vaccine? For the moment it seems technically impossible to conjugate all 23 serotypes of the current vaccine. While Haemophilus influenzae type b is principally responsible for invasive infections, it is traditionally said to play only a minor role in otitis, which is usually provoked by non-capsulated Haemophilus strains beyond the vaccine's reach. In fact, in most studies it has been observed that 2--5% of cases of Haemophilus otitis are due to Haemophilus type b. The vaccine could be said, therefore, to have a minor but by no means negligible role in the prevention of Haemophilus otitis. In conclusion, pneumococcal and haemophilus vaccines have not revolutionized the preventive treatment of otitis for the moment, but great hopes are still placed on the conjugate pneumococcal vaccine.
 ...
PMID:The role of pneumococcal and haemophilus type B vaccination in the prevention of acute otitis media. 1186 32

Bacterial interference studied by means of agar methods has shown a decreased number of inhibitory alpha-haemolytic Streptococci among otitis-prone children. Additional information was gained regarding the interplay between alpha-haemolytic Streptococci (AHS) and otitis media (OM) pathogens by comparing the bacterial interference in broth with the interference activity studied using agar overlay methods. We found, that non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) and Moraxella catarrhalis are readily inhibited by AHS in broth. Streptococcus pneumoniae was more bacteriostatically inhibited. If two OM pathogens were inoculated simultaneously, an isolate of AHS with poor inhibitory activity was not able to inhibit the growth, in contrast to an isolate of AHS with good inhibitory activity. The initial amount of AHS inoculated with M. catarrhalis seemed to play a decisive role with respect to the inhibitory activity. M. catarrhalis developed reduced susceptibility against AHS both in vivo and in vitro. In vivo studies showed that children with secretory otitis media had fewer isolates of AHS in their nasopharynx with the ability to inhibit all the test pathogens than healthy children (p < 0.001). Although the factor(s) responsible for the inhibitory activity have thus far not been defined, we could exclude low pH and nutrition depletion as the inhibitory mechanism of AHS with good inhibitory activity.
 ...
PMID:Bacterial interference between pathogens in otitis media and alpha-haemolytic Streptococci analysed in an in vitro model. 1187 3

Haemophilus influenzae and Branhamella catarrhalis can be considered inhabitants of the upper respiratory tract in humans. Although the pathogenetic role of H. influenzae cannot be discussed, the Authors report the mechanisms of pathogenicity of this microorganism; furthermore, they discuss the direct or indirect pathogenicity of B. catarrhalis in respiratory tract diseases and the ability of both microorganisms to produce beta-lactamases. H. influenzae and B. catarrhalis, together with S. pneumoniae, are the most common bacteria responsible for upper respiratory tract infections, namely otitis and sinusitis. The activity of these bacteria in the onset of otitis and sinusitis is reported.
 ...
PMID:Significance of Haemophilus spp. and Branhamella catarrhalis in upper respiratory tract infections. 1204 52

The last decade has witnessed a shift in the epidemiology of acute otitis media (AOM) with an earlier onset of disease and a greater proportion of children with recurrent episodes before 1 year of age. In addition antimicrobial resistance to beta-lactams, macrolides and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole among otopathogens has increased significantly. Most recently universal administration of a seven valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine has been endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Earlier onset of disease and the decrease in antimicrobial susceptibility among pediatric respiratory bacterial pathogens is likely to increase the risk of failure among young children with AOM. A seven valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) has demonstrated efficacy for prevention of serotype-specific pneumococcal otitis; however, increase in disease caused by nonvaccine serotypes and Haemophilus influenzae has been reported. With these events as the background, I have reviewed the strategies most likely to be successful for the treatment of AOM in 2002.
 ...
PMID:Acute otitis media in an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance and universal administration of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. 1218 97


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>