Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To determine the etiology of acute conjunctivitis in children seen in pediatric practice, 99 patients with conjunctivitis and 102 age-and season-matched controls were cultured for aerobic bacteria including Haemophilus influenzae, and for viruses, Chlamydia trachomatis, and mycoplasmas. Agents statistically associated with conjunctivitis included H. influenzae (42% vs 0%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (12% vs 3%), and adenoviruses (20% vs 0%). One of these three etiologic agents was isolated from 71 (72%) of the patients. Simultaneous infection with two pathogens was uncommon. Staphylococcus aureus was equally prevalent in diseased and control eyes; one strain of C. trachomatis was isolated from a control eye. Although there were variations in the clinical features of viral and bacterial conjunctivitis, differentiation in an individual patient was difficult. An adenovirus was isolated from 11 (65%) of 17 patients who had pharyngitis in addition to conjunctivitis. H. influenzae was isolated from 14 (74%) of 19 children who had both otitis and conjunctivitis. Adenovirus conjunctivitis was common in the fall and H. influenzae in winter.
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PMID:Etiology of acute conjunctivitis in children. 697 Aug 2

The prevalence of ampicillin sodium-resistant Haemophilus influenzae was determined from throat cultures of 305 ambulatory children. Resistant strains were detected in 3% of children, amounting to 12% of Haemophilus isolates. Factors associated with carriage of ampicillin-resistant strains were sought: only ampicillin exposure was significant. Among children who had received ampicillin or amoxicillin trihydrate within six months, 9% harbored ampicillin-resistant strains compared with 1.4% among those not exposed. Colonization with H influenzae was more frequent following the use of ampicillin, and a higher proportion of isolates was resistant rates was observed with other antibiotics or with factors such as age, sex, otitis history, or day-care center exposure. The association between ampicillin/amoxicillin usage and carriage of ampicillin-resistant strains is increasingly clear. It remains to be determined whether the use of newer antibiotics for otitis also will encourage the development of resistance in H influenzae.
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PMID:Ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae colonizing ambulatory children. 697 59

Cefaclor was used to treat 13 children with acute otitis media caused by ampicillin-resistant strains of Hemophilus influenzae. The children were re-examined on days 4, 10, and 28. Pharmacologic compliance was assessed by means of a bioinhibition assay on a urine specimen obtained on days 4, 7, and 10. Nine of the 13 children had evidence by tympanogram of residual otitis media with effusion (secretory otitis media). Of these, three were noted to have a bulging, yellow or grey eardrum, which suggested an ongoing acute process. A second middle ear culture was obtained from two of the 3 children, but no pathogens were recovered. Two others had recurrence of otitis shortly after cessation of therapy. Cefaclor is an acceptable antibiotic for the treatment of ampicillin-resistant acute otitis media; but, after cefaclor therapy, some children continued to have a bulging eardrum and sterile pus in the middle ear or had recurrences of otitis soon after cessation of therapy.
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PMID:Evaluation of cefaclor in acute otitis media caused by ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae. 697 53

Fifteen cases of Haemophilus influenzae (HI) meningitis in adults occurring of Cleveland during the last 11 years are presented. The majority of patients had factors predisposing to infection such as otitis, pneumonia, diabetes or alcoholism. In addition, 7 of the 15 patients developed meningitis at various intervals following head trauma and neurosurgery, and 3 patients required dural repairs for CSF rhinorrhea. The diagnosis of meningitis may be difficult to establish resulting in delay in appropriate therapy in some cases. Nuchal rigidity was absent frequently; CSF lymphocytosis can be seen initially. The CSF Gram stain may be negative or the pleomorphic nature of the organism on Gram-stain may make distinction from other gram-negative organisms difficult. The majority of patients had meningitis due to non-Type B HI in contrast to previous reports of this illness in children and adults. One of our patients had beta-lactamase producing HI isolated from CSF. We believe that chloramphenicol should be included in the initial empiric therapy for adults with meningitis and gram-negative coccobacillary rods on Gram-stain or negative CSF Gram-stains.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae meningitis: the spectrum of disease in adults. 703 75

The middle ear fluid (MEF) was studied during an acute attack of otitis media in 519 children, aged 3 months to 6 years. Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pn) was cultured from 39% of the cases; serotypes 19, 6, 3 and 23 were the most common. Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) was cultured in 12%; only 2/64 strains were of type b. Pn were found equally often in all age groups, but Hi were significantly less often isolated in children older than 3 years. The number of negative cultures increased with the age of the child. Pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide was detected with counterimmunoelectrophoresis and/or latex agglutination in 83% of the MEFs from which Pn were cultured, but also in about one third of the MEFs from which no bacteria could be grown. Altogether, with these methods combined Pn were implicated in nearly 60% of the cases of acute otitis media. Gram staining showed polymorphonuclear leucocytes in 85% of pneumococcal otitis cases that were verified by culture but also in 72% of the cases from which no bacteria could be cultured, supporting the contention that also these latter are usually caused by bacteria.
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PMID:The bacteriology of acute otitis media in children with special reference to Streptococcus pneumoniae as studied by bacteriological and antigen detection methods. 731 73

The AA. realize a comparative study on the differences between the nasopharyngeal microbial flora of 50 children suffering a secretory otitis and other 40 children without middle ear disease. In nasopharyngeal cultures the pathogenic flora (Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus beta hemoliticus group A, Staphilococcus aureus) amounted for 96 percent in children with secretory otitis, which figure was reduced to 80 percent in healthy infants (p < 0.05). Haemophilus influenzae was the most identified microorganism in a both nasopharyngeal and otic flora. We have found a significative association (p < 0.001) among nasopharyngeal and otic flora of each individual.
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PMID:[The microbiology of secretory otitis]. 748 53

A set of broad-range PCR primers for the 16S rRNA gene in bacteria were tested, along with three series of oligonucleotide probes to detect the PCR product. The first series of probes is broad in range and consists of a universal bacterial probe, a gram-positive probe, a Bacteroides-Flavobacterium probe, and two probes for other gram-negative species. The second series was designed to detect PCR products from seven major bacterial species or groups frequently causing meningitis: Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. agalactiae, Escherichia coli and other enteric bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. The third series was designed for the detection of DNA from species or genera commonly considered potential contaminants of clinical samples, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium, and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. The primers amplified DNA from all 124 different species of bacteria tested. Southern hybridization testing of the broad-range probes with washes containing 3 M tetramethylammonium chloride indicated that this set of probes correctly identified all but two of the 102 bacterial species tested, the exceptions being Deinococcus radiopugnans and Gardnerella vaginalis. The gram-negative and gram-positive probes hybridized to isolates of two newly characterized bacteria, Alloiococcus otitis and Rochalimaea henselii, as predicted by Gram stain characteristics. The CSF pathogen and contaminant probe sequences were compared with available sequence information and with sequencing data for 32 different species. Testing of the CSF pathogen and contaminant probes against DNA from over 60 different strains indicated that, with the exception of the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus probes, these probes provided the correct identification of bacterial species known to be found in CSF.
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PMID:PCR primers and probes for the 16S rRNA gene of most species of pathogenic bacteria, including bacteria found in cerebrospinal fluid. 751 93

The treatment of acute otitis media (AOM) has three main aims: to relieve pain, to control fever and in case of suppurative AOM, to overcome the bacterial infection. The two former aims are best managed with salicylates or paracetamol. The local instillation of drops of an anaesthetic-antiseptic solution in the external canal is a useful adjuvant in painful congestive viral otitis. Antibiotherapy is only indicated in suppurative AOM. The most common organisms being Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, amoxicillin is the first line treatment. However, in children who were treated for suppurative AOM in the previous months, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid or a second generation cephalosporin is preferable. Erythromycin-sulfonamide may also be used, particularly in children who are allergic to beta-lactamines. In case of failure of the first choice antibiotic treatment, it is necessary to perform a bacteriological study of the effusion which will determine the appropriate antibiotic to be used in second hand. The duration of the antibiotic treatment must be of 8 days in the absence of spontaneous perforation, and of 10 days in case of perforation. An examination of the tympanum at 10 days is recommended in infants under 6 months of age and in children with repeated AOM. A myringostomy is only indicated when a bacteriological evaluation is needed, mainly in infants under 6 months of age, in immuno-compromised children, and in case of failure of a first line antibiotic treatment.
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PMID:[Treatment of acute otitis media]. 773 33

Changes in nasopharyngeal flora were investigated in children with acute otitis media and with acute exacerbations of chronic sinusitis in whom antibiotic therapy of relatively long duration was required until substantial improvement in clinical findings was achieved. 1. The antibiotics used were two cephalosporins, i.e., cefaclor (CCL) and cefixime (CFIX), administered to 18 patients each for 1 week and to 26 and 20 patients, respectively, for 2 weeks. Bacteriologic examination of the nasopharyngeal mucosa was performed at the first visit and at 1 week in those who underwent antibiotic therapy for 1 week, and at the first visit and at 1 and 2 weeks in those treated with antibiotics for 2 weeks. 2. The elimination rates for the infecting microorganisms in the patients in the CCL-treated group were 30% for Haemophilus influenzae, 83% for Staphylococcus aureus, 100% for Streptococcus pyogenes and 100% for Streptococcus pneumoniae at 1 week, and 18% for H. influenzae, 100% for S. aureus and 100% for S. pyogenes at 2 weeks of antibiotic therapy. Replacement of S. aureus and S. pyogenes by H. influenzae was observed. 3. The elimination rates for infecting bacteria in the patients in the CFIX-treated groups were 61% for H. influenzae, 50% for S. aureus, 75% for S. pyogenes, 80% for S. pneumoniae and 100% for Moraxella catarrhalis at 1 week, and 72% for H. influenzae, 0% for S. aureus, 100% for S. pyogenes, and 0% for S. pneumoniae at 2 weeks of antibiotic therapy. The elimination rate for H. influenzae at 2 weeks was significantly higher than the corresponding value for the CCL-treated group. Replacement of H. influenzae by S. aureus and S. pneumoniae and of S. pyogenes by S. aureus was detected. 4. There was one patient with acute otitis media in the CFIX-treated group in whom a clinical relapse occurred due to H. influenzae persisters in the nasopharynx. Thus the diagnosis in this patient was so-called "recurrent otitis media". 5. H. influenzae tended to persist after exposure to therapeutically adequate concentrations of CCL, as did S. aureus and S. pneumoniae following treatment with CFIX. Thus, it would seem that ample heed must be given to persistence, particularly of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae, the most common causative agents of acute otitis media in childhood. 6. A significant rise in the MICs of the cephalosporins was observed in 4 of 43 patients in whom the same type of organism was isolated from the nasopharynx at weekly intervals during antibiotic therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[The effect of cefaclor and cefixime on nasopharyngeal pathogens in children]. 778 74

Cellular immunity to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in a population of 10 healthy, immune adults was determined by measuring lymphocyte blast transformation and antibody secretion in response to the P6 outer membrane protein. P6 (200 microliters/ml) induced lymphocyte blast transformation that peaked on day 10 of incubation. The peak induction of antibody-secreting cells occurred on day 8 of incubation. In comparison with the response to tetanus toxoid stimulation, the peak lymphocyte blast transformation response to P6 was reduced (mean counts per minute +/- standard error of the mean [SEM], 3,457 +/- 503 versus 9,414 +/- 1,464; P = 0.0051) and delayed (mean days +/- SEM, 10.3 +/- 0.4 versus 8.4 +/- 0.5; P = 0.0169); however, P6 was a better stimulus of antibody secretion from lymphocytes, particularly antibody of the immunoglobulin M (IgM) class (mean peak numbers of antibody-secreting cells per 10(5) peripheral blood mononuclear cells +/- SEM: IgG, 85 +/- 29 versus 42 +/- 16 [P = 0.0469]; IgM, 81 +/- 20 versus 25 +/- 7 [P = 0.0125]; IgA, 24 +/- 8 versus 16 +/- 6 [P = 0.0526]). Thus, lymphocytes from immune individuals recognize P6 of nontypeable H. influenzae as an immunogen. These data provide a basis for future studies with otitis-prone children who fail to develop a normal antibody response to P6 antigen (N. Yamanaka and H. Faden, J. Pediatr. 122:212-218, 1993).
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PMID:Cellular immunity to the P6 outer membrane protein of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. 779 58


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