Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This is a case-report about a 4 year old boy with "cherry red" epiglottis, purulent meningitis and pleuropneumonia. Purulent meningitis and pleuropneumonia are not complications of treatment of "cherry red" epiglottis but an entity caused by Hemophilus influenzae-infection and is called Kleinschmidt's syndrome (Hemophilus influenzae type B-infection-syndrome). This severe illness is successfully treated if recognized early enough. At present, chloramphenicol is the therapy of choice. Intubation or tracheotomy are important but supportive measures.
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PMID:[Kleinschmidt's syndrome (author's transl)]. 98 30

Twenty-five patients with chronic bronchitis were studied intensively from 1968 to 1972. Viral, bacteriologic, mycologic, and mycoplasmal studies, both serologic and cultural, were carried out in an attempt to determine the role these agents play in exacerbations. All of the usual viral agents associated with exacerbations and 2 members of the coronavirus group, 229E and OC43, were detected. One third (33.6 per cent) of the 116 exacerbations observed could be related to viral infection or Mycoplasma pneumoniae (1 exacerbation). Viral infection was also noted to occur during periods of remission but was more commonly associated with periods of exacerbation(P less than 0.001). No interrelationship between viral and bacterial infection was apparent and neither Streptococcus pneumoniae nor Haemophilus influenzae was present more frequently in the sputum of patients in exacerbation. However, the number of S. pneumoniae organisms present in the sputum was significantly greater (P=0.04) during exacerbation than during remission and their presence was significatnly correlated with increases sputum purulence (P LESS THAN 0.01). This was not true of H. influenzae. Ampicillin was effective in clearing the sputum of S. pneumoniae but not of H. influenzae; the reverse was true of tetracycline.
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PMID:Role of infection in chronic bronchitis. 126 52

Bronchopulmonary infection in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is associated with chronic progressive lung disease and episodes of acute exacerbation. Infection is predominantly caused by bacteria, although infections with viruses, mycoplasma and fungi may play undervalued roles. Bacteria commonly isolated from CF sputum include Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Colonisation of the airways by mucoid, alginate-producing variants of P. aeruginosa is recognised as a major cause of pulmonary deterioration. In addition, there is now considerable concern relating to the clinical consequences of colonisation and cross-infection with P. cepacia. This review discusses the microbiology of CF focussing on the pathogenesis and epidemiology of P. aeruginosa and P. cepacia.
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PMID:Microbiology of lung infection in cystic fibrosis. 128 Oct 36

Over the last decade, the spectrum of organisms causing community-acquired acute lower respiratory tract infections has changed. Streptococcus pneumoniae now causes approximately 30% of outpatient acute pneumonia-less than in former decades-whereas Mycoplasma pneumoniae is found in both young and elderly patients. The Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus aureus are now seen more frequently as respiratory tract pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia patients, and they are the major organisms causing pneumonia in residents of homes for the elderly or nursing homes, and in immuno-compromised patients. Agents that were previously considered non-pathogenic for the respiratory tract include serotypes of Haemophilus influenzae other than type b, H. parainfluenzae and Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis; these organisms affect mainly patients with underlying cardiopulmonary disease. Legionella species can cause sporadic as well as epidemic disease of the lower respiratory tract. Chlamydia pneumoniae is a newly recognized pathogen responsible for mild to severe upper and lower respiratory tract infections. In 60-80% of cases, hospital-acquired pneumonias are caused by Gram-negative bacilli and S. aureus. These organisms colonize the mucosal membranes of the upper respiratory tract and penetrate into the lower tract by aspiration or intubation.
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PMID:Changes in the spectrum of organisms causing respiratory tract infections: a review. 128 13

Forty 3-month old swine were treated with immunomodulating Propionibacterium avidum KP-40 (PA) and/or vaccinated with a formalin-inactivated mixture of serotypes 1, 3, 5 and 9 of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae (Pleurovac). Three weeks after revaccination all animals were inoculated with viable single serotypes of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae. The IgG antibodies induced by vaccination agglutinated all serotypes of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae, except for serotype 5. Antibody titers were not influenced by the application of PA together with the vaccine. Infection of vaccinated piglets resulted in the development of pleuropneumonia in 8 out of 10 animals, while vaccination together with application of PA lowered the morbidity rate to 1 out of 10 (p < 0.05). The usefulness of a PA prophylaxis was also demonstrated in non-vaccinated piglets infected with Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae. Because of the considerable variability of strains and serotypes of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae and the generally low prophylactic potency of pleuropneumonia vaccines it is concluded that long-lasting enhancement of non-specific antiinfective resistance caused by PA may lower the risk of endemic infections in vaccinated piglets.
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PMID:Adjuvant properties of Propionibacterium avidum KP-40 in vaccination against endemic viral and bacterial infections. II. Swine immunized with inactivated Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae vaccine and experimentally infected with different virulent serotypes of H. pleuropneumoniae. 130 96

AM-1155 is a new quinolone with a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against various bacteria including anaerobes and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. AM-1155 was 2- to 16-fold more active than ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus including methicillin-resistant strains, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis; its MICs for 90% of strains tested were 0.10 to 0.78 micrograms/ml. The activity of AM-1155 was comparable to that of ciprofloxacin against members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, Branhamella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, but was fourfold less than that of ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Against Xanthomonas maltophilia, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, and Campylobacter jejuni, AM-1155 was two- to fourfold more active than ciprofloxacin. At a concentration of 1.56 micrograms/ml, AM-1155 inhibited 90% of Bacteroides fragilis strains tested; its activity was 8- to 10-fold higher than those of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Development of resistance to AM-1155 in S. aureus and S. epidermidis occurred at a lower frequency than did that to ciprofloxacin after eight transfers in the presence of drug. In the oral treatment of mouse systemic infections, AM-1155 was four- to eightfold more effective than ciprofloxacin against gram-positive cocci and was as active as ciprofloxacin against gram-negative rods. The efficacy of an oral or a subcutaneous dose of AM-1155 was two- to fivefold greater than that of ofloxacin. Against experimental pneumonia with Klebsiella pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa, AM-1155 was two- to fourfold more active than ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. AM-1155 also had good efficacy against mouse ascending urinary tract infections with Escherichia coli and P. aeruginosa. These results suggest that AM-1155 may be a potent antibacterial agent applicable to various infections.
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PMID:In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of AM-1155, a new 6-fluoro-8-methoxy quinolone. 133 87

Azithromycin is a new azalide antimicrobial agent which has a broad spectrum of activity against common lower respiratory tract pathogens including pneumococci, staphylococci, Legionella species, Mycoplasma and Chlamydia species. In particular, it is more active against Haemophilus influenzae than other macrolides. In comparison to other new macrolides, azithromycin achieves higher tissue and intracellular concentrations and these concentrations are sustained for several days after dosing due to a long elimination half-life. The efficacy of azithromycin against lower respiratory tract infections has been proven in several clinical studies. Once-daily dosing with azithromycin, over a 3- or 5- day period was as effective as a 10-day course of other commonly used antibiotics such as amoxycillin/clavulanic acid, erythromycin or cefaclor in lower respiratory tract infections. Azithromycin short-course therapy may offer an advantage in terms of patient compliance and the duration of treatment.
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PMID:Azithromycin in lower respiratory tract infections. 133 93

Serial nasopharyngeal swab and bronchoalveolar lavage cultures were used to estimate changes in the bacterial flora of the respiratory tracts of calves during the first month after arrival in the feedlot. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) differential cell counts served to evaluate pulmonary inflammatory changes during this period. Two groups of calves were studied, one consisting of clinically normal controls (n = 60), the other, of cases (n = 59) which received treatment for respiratory disease (penicillin +/- trimethoprimsulfadoxine). A variety of organisms, including Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella haemolytica, Haemophilus somnus, Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma bovirhinis, were present in the upper and lower airways of both groups during the postarrival period. With the exception of M. bovis, an overall decline in the prevalence of these organisms was observed during the course of the study. In cases, there was a marked decrease in the number of Pasteurella spp. and H. somnus isolates immediately following treatment. For the Pasteurella spp., however, this effect was shortlived as they often appeared to recolonize the respiratory tract within eight days of terminating antimicrobial therapy. Treatment did not appear to affect the frequency of isolating M. bovis. Its prevalence, in both groups of calves, increased to levels approaching 100% during the course of the study. All Pasteurella spp. isolates were tested for susceptibility to several commonly used antimicrobials. Resistance was only evident among P. haemolytica isolated from cases and in every instance this was to a combination of penicillin, ampicillin and tetracycline. Significantly more isolates were resistant after treatment than before. There were BAL differential cell count abnormalities indicative of inflammation in both cases and controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Changes in the bacterial flora of the upper and lower respiratory tracts and bronchoalveolar lavage differential cell counts in feedlot calves treated for respiratory diseases. 142 52

Pneumonias occupy a prominent situation among lower respiratory tract infections where they are remarkable for their potential mortality and for our relative knowledge of the responsible micro-organisms. Analysis and synthesis of each series published must answer several questions, such as: what are the lung diseases considered? which investigations have been performed? which criteria of imputability have been used? in which patients has the study been carried out? in which place, which period and which structure? In spite of methodological lacunae and of the inhomogeneous answers to the questions asked, there is some concordance between the series found in the literature. Thus, more than 90% of community-acquired pneumonias with microbiological identification are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Chlamydia psittaci (or pneumoniae), or Influenza A virus.
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PMID:[Epidemiology of micro-organisms responsible for community-acquired pneumonia]. 143 60

The activity in vitro of clarithromycin, a new macrolide, was compared to that of various antibiotics in tests using 3,880 clinical isolates. Clarithromycin was two times more active than erythromycin against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, streptococci of groups C, G and F, Brucella melitensis, Legionella pneumophila and Mycoplasma spp., 16 times more active against Ureaplasma urealyticum and 2 to 4 times less active against Campylobacter spp. In general, clarithromycin showed intrinsic activity 2 to 4 times higher than that of roxithromycin and 4 to 8 times higher than that of miocamycin. Cross-resistance was found between the macrolides. Clarithromycin was bactericidal against Streptococcus spp. and Haemophilus influenzae.
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PMID:Comparative in vitro activity of clarithromycin. Spanish Collaborative Group. 146 30


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