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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Immunization against Haemophilus influenzae b and hepatitis B during infancy, as well as the administration of a second dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine around the age of 12, are the significant additions brought to the childhood immunization program in recent years. The availability in the near future of the acellular pertussis vaccines illustrates the efforts made to reduce the side effects associated with the use of some vaccines. The high cost of these acellular vaccines, together with the absence of combined Haemophilus influenzae or hepatitis B vaccines, represent their current limitations.
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PMID:[Vaccination of children in 1996]. 892 55

The National Immunization Survey (NIS) is an ongoing survey to provide estimates of vaccination coverage levels among children aged 19-35 months in the United States, all 50 states, and selected urban areas. CDC implemented NIS in April 1994 as one element of the five-part Childhood Immunization Initiative (CII), a national strategy to achieve and maintain high vaccination levels among children during the first 2 years of life. NIS collects quarterly data from all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and 27 urban areas considered to be at high risk for undervaccination. This report provides NIS findings for July 1994-June 1995, which indicate that coverage levels for diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DPT), Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (Hib), poliovirus vaccine, and hepatitis B vaccine have met or exceeded the 1995 interim goals of the CII and that coverage for measles-mumps-rubella vaccines (MMR) is within 1 percentage point of the objective.
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PMID:National, state and urban area vaccination coverage levels among children aged 19-35 months--United States, July 1994-June 1995. 913 66

The Childhood Immunization Initiative (CII), a comprehensive response to under-vaccination among preschool-aged children, was initiated in the United States in 1993 (1). The goals of the CII were to eliminate by 1996 indigenous cases of diphtheria, tetanus (among children aged < 15 years), poliomyelitis, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) invasive disease (among children aged < 5 years), measles, and rubella (1); reduce indigenous cases of mumps to < 1600; and increase vaccination coverage levels to > or = 90% among children aged 2 years for the most critical doses of each vaccine routinely recommended for children (except hepatitis B vaccine). This report presents provisional 1996 data about reported cases of selected vaccine-preventable diseases. In 1996, no cases of tetanus among children aged < 15 years or of polio caused by wild poliovirus were reported in the United States; the number of reported cases of indigenously acquired mumps was substantially below the disease-reduction target; and the numbers of reported cases of diphtheria, invasive Hib disease (among children aged < 5 years), rubella, and measles were at or near the lowest levels ever recorded and near the elimination targets.
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PMID:Status report on the Childhood Immunization Initiative: reported cases of selected vaccine-preventable diseases--United States, 1996. 923 76

To determine the current immunization recommendations of practicing pediatric nephrologists, a questionnaire was sent to the members of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Society. Sixty-two percent of the centers responded. The results of the survey suggest that although consensus for approaching immunization does exist, recommendations do vary from center to center. Virtually all centers recommend standard vaccines [DTP, oral poliovirus (OPV), hepatitis B (Hep B), and Haemophilus influenzae B (Hib)] for their renal insufficiency and dialysis patients. Despite the fact that they are not infectious, standard killed vaccines (DTP, Hep B, Hib) are recommended less frequently for transplanted patients (86%) than their renal insufficiency (98%) and dialysis (near 100%) counterparts. Additionally, OPV and measles/mumps/rubella (MMR), both live viral vaccines, are rarely recommended post transplant. Almost 90% of centers recommend the use of influenza vaccine, while only 60% of centers recommend pneumococcal vaccine for children with renal disease. Over 70% of centers recommend the newly licensed varicella vaccine for patients on dialysis and those with renal insufficiency. Between 5% and 12% of centers recommend live viral vaccines, including OPV, MMR, and varicella vaccine, for immunosuppressed patients post renal transplant.
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PMID:Immunization practices in children with renal disease: a report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study. 926 Feb 42

In an era that emphasizes the term "cost-effective," vaccines are the ideal solution to preventing disease at a relatively low cost to society. Much of the previous emphasis has been on childhood scourges such as measles, mumps, rubella, poliomyelitis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b. The concept of vaccines for fungal diseases has had less impact because of the perceived limited problem. However, fungal diseases have become increasingly appreciated as serious medical problems that require recognition and aggressive management. The escalation in the incidence and prevalence of infection has prompted a renewed interest in vaccine development. Herein, I discuss the most recent developments in the search for vaccines to combat fungal infections. Investigators have discovered several inert substances from various fungi that can mediate protection in animal models. The next challenge will be to find the suitable mode of delivery for these immunogens.
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PMID:Prospects for the development of fungal vaccines. 933 63

Since publication of the recommended childhood immunization schedule in January 1997, CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) have changed recommended ages for administration of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR) and poliovirus vaccines. In addition, these organizations have clarified recommendations for administration of MMR, varicella vaccine, and hepatitis B vaccine during the routine visit to health-care providers for adolescents aged 11-12 years; the interchangeability of the three licensed Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccines for primary and booster vaccination; and the timing for the third dose of hepatitis B vaccine. This report presents the recommended childhood immunization schedule for 1998 and explains the changes that have occurred since publication of the last schedule. Detailed recommendations about the use of vaccines are available from the manufacturers' package inserts, the 1997 Red Book, or ACIP statements on specific vaccines.
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PMID:Recommended childhood immunization schedule--United States, 1998. 945 Jul 23

All nations that are part of the European Union share the same aim for the control and eradication of vaccine-preventable diseases. However, there are differences in child immunization strategies and schedules between nations, depending upon health care systems, immunization habits and epidemiology of infectious diseases. All nations immunize children against diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, measles, rubella and mumps. Immunization against pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae, hepatitis B and tuberculosis are not systematically applied.
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PMID:[Immunization schedule in the European Union]. 978 40

The goals of the Childhood Immunization Initiative (CII) for 1996 were to have > or =90% of children receive three or more doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine/diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTP/DT), poliovirus vaccine, and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (Hib) and one dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, and for > or =70% of children to receive three or more doses of hepatitis B vaccine. The National Immunization Survey (NIS) was undertaken as part of the CII to monitor vaccination coverage levels for each state and for 28 urban areas. This report presents coverage estimates by race/ethnicity and poverty level for 1997 and compares coverage estimates for 1995 and 1997; the findings indicate improvements in vaccination coverage levels among children living below poverty level although these levels were lower than levels among children living at or above poverty level.
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PMID:Vaccination coverage by race/ethnicity and poverty level among children aged 19-35 months--United States, 1997. 983 73

For infants immunized with Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines, booster immunization is usually recommended in the second year of life, typically between 12 and 18 months. This study assessed the effect of age at booster immunization on pre-immunization antibody trough levels and on subsequent responses, for a PRP-T conjugate vaccine. Subjects were healthy children who had received PENTA vaccine (DPT-IPV/PRP-T combination) as infants. They were enrolled and given measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR) at 12 months of age, then randomly assigned to receive PENTA vaccine concurrently with MMR or at 15 or 18 months of age. Parents were asked to note any adverse effects after PENTA vaccination. Blood samples were obtained prior to PENTA vaccination and 4 weeks later, and tested for antibodies to each antigen. In total 253 children received PENTA vaccine: 86 at 12 months, 85 at 15 months and 82 at 18 months. Injection site redness and swelling were least extensive in the youngest group (p < 0.001) but their rates of occurrence did not differ with age. Anti-PRP levels were similar in each age group prior to immunization; post-booster geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) ranged from 13.0 microg/ml in the youngest to 33.9 microg/ml in the oldest subjects (p < 0.0001). For each of the other antigens examined, booster responses were strongest at 18 months. We conclude that anti-PRP levels are stable between 12 and 18 months in children previously given PRP-T vaccine. PENTA boosters given at 12 months appear to cause milder injection site morbidity whereas those given at 18 months result in stronger responses to virtually every constituent antigen, although each age group responded satisfactorily.
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PMID:A comparative study of PENTA vaccine booster doses given at 12, 15, or 18 months of age. 1007 60

The effects of immunisation programmes that have existed for several decades in developed countries are demonstrated by the decrease and even eradication of smallpox, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps and hepatitis B. Cost, health policy and spontaneous evolution in the incidence of communicable diseases have a decisive influence on the use of a vaccine. Investment in vaccination policy has to be encouraged to maintain this progress made in the control of infectious diseases and to meet new challenges. Studies re-evaluating ongoing immunisation programmes are scarce. Nevertheless, it can be concluded that for vaccination against hepatitis B in professionally exposed at-risk populations, arguments for positive returns are consistent. The same holds for vaccination against S. pneumoniae and for influenza virus in the elderly. The results of the economic evaluation of revaccination against measles, when insufficient coverage exists, are inconclusive. Universal vaccination of children against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and of children of hepatitis B-positive mothers against hepatitis may require costs to be paid in order to gain extra health benefits.
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PMID:Pharmacoeconomics of immunisation: a review. 1014 92


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