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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Bacterial meningitis is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in South Africa. However, comprehensive regional or national epidemiological data, essential for rational public health interventions, are lacking. The purpose of this 1-year prospective study, from 1 August 1991 to 31 July 1992, was to define the magnitude of the problem of childhood bacterial meningitis in Cape Town. The study group consisted of all children, aged > 1 month to < 14 years, who presented with proven bacterial meningitis at all the hospitals in the Cape Town metropolitan area. During the year 201 cases were identified: 101 (50.2%) were due to Neisseria meningitidis, 74 (36.8%) were due to Haemophilus influenzae and 26 (12.9%) were due to Streptococcus pneumoniae. The overall incidence rate (95% confidence interval) for children less than 14 years, 5 years and 1 year was 34 (30-40), 76 (65-88) and 257 (213-309) per 100,000 children, respectively. The rate was highest in black infants, 416 (316-545)/100,000. This was 2 times greater than the rate in coloured infants and about 4.5 times greater than the rate in white infants. The median age of all the children was 10 months. The ages of children with haemophilus and pneumococcal meningitis were similar, 9 and 7.5 months respectively (P = 0.43), while children with meningococcal meningitis were significantly older (22 months) than the others (P < 0.01). The overall case fatality rate was 5%, and 12.9% of survivors had significant neurological sequelae (disability) on discharge.
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PMID:Epidemiology of post-neonatal bacterial meningitis in Cape Town children. 925 40

Steroid therapy, in combination with antibiotics for bacterial meningitis in paediatric patients remains controversial. Steroids, and primarily dexamethasone a very potent anti-inflammatory agent, regulate the liberation of various cytokines and inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, released during bacterial meningitis and leading to long term complications. Several clinical trials studying infants and children with bacterial meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae have evaluated the beneficial effects of the administration of dexamethasone at the onset of antibiotherapy and demonstrated that dexamethasone reduced the risk of acquired sensorineural deafness (bilateral moderate or more severe hearing loss) and the incidence of neurological sequelae. Limited information is available for the other bacterial meningitis, although meningococcal meningitis will become more frequent with the use of effective anti-Haemophilus vaccines. In addition some Streptococcus pneumoniae are now resistant to third generation cephalosporins and the use of dexamethasone in that case may be at risk. Finally, no evidence is available for an effective role for dexamethasone in neonatal bacterial meningitis, although it is quite often administered in that age group.
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PMID:[Role of corticoids in purulent meningitis in children: analysis of literature studies]. 908 10

In south-east Poland in the years 1993 till 1995 we observed a decreasing number of meningococcal meningitis in children and a growth of cases caused by Haemophilus influenzae. Changes in ethiology of bacterial meningitis should give a reason for epidemiological research in Poland because there is a chance to reduce number of patients when wider use of new vaccines is introduced.
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PMID:[Epidemiology and etiology of bacterial meningitis in postnatal period]. 913

During 1994, 603 cases of bacterial meningitis were reported in Italy. Seventy-five percent of cases with determined etiology was due to three agents: Neisseria meningitidis (33.4%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (23.4%) and Haemophilus influenzae (18.6%). The majority of cases due to N. meningitidis and H. influenzae occurred in subjects below five years of age (35.7% and 84.8%, respectively) while S. pneumoniae accounted for 52.8% of meningitis cases in subjects older than 44 year of age. The estimated incidence of N. meningitidis on the national population in 1994 was 0.27 per 100,000. Serogroup B accounted for 62.5% of the serotyped isolates, group C for 23.1%, group A for 7.2%, group W135 for 3.6%, group Y for 1.8%. All tested meningococcal strains were susceptible to penicillin as well as to rifampin. Incidence of meningococcal meningitis in 1994 has been low suggesting that its relative importance compared to other bacteria causing meningitis is likely to change in the future. Therefore, extended surveillance on bacterial meningitis by other etiological agents has to be maintained and implemented in order to undertake the appropriate control measures and evaluate their effect.
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PMID:Pattern of bacterial meningitis in Italy, 1994. 925 31

We report a case of meningococcal meningitis where the cerebrospinal fluid was negative for Neisseria meningitidis but positive for Haemophilus influenzae type b by rapid antigen detection test. We believe that this was due to prior immunization with Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine. We recommend caution in interpretation of the rapid antigen detection tests especially in patients who had been vaccinated against organisms screened by these tests.
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PMID:Post immunization Hib antigen detection in the CSF of a patient with meningococcal meningitis. 942 43

Meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a common and serious disease for which there now are WHO-certified vaccines that are recommended for universal infant immunization in North America and European countries. If these vaccines are to be recommended in Asia, it is necessary to know the incidence, age distribution and clinical outcome of Hib meningitis and other systemic infections in this region. Data on Hib disease in China are scanty. Hib meningitis was common during the 1950s in China, accounting for up to 16% of all of pyogenic meningitis (up to 38% of cases were caused by unknown pathogens), despite severe epidemics of meningococcal meningitis during that period. Since 1989 we have conducted hospital- and community-based etiologic and epidemiologic studies of bacterial meningitis. Hib accounts for 30 to 50% of bacterial meningitis in China. The incidence of Hib meningitis in Hefei City was 10.4 per 100000 children <5 years, a result relatively lower than in the West but higher than the rate of 2.7 found in a retrospective study in Hong Kong. Pneumonia is the primary cause of death for Chinese children. From 1991 to 1993 the average mortality of children<5 years because of pneumonia was 1563.2 per 100000. To achieve the goal of reducing the death rate of children by one-third by the year 2000, greater efforts should be made to reduce the mortality of children with pneumonia. Our preliminary study showed that about one-fourth to one-third of cases of pneumonia in Chinese children might be caused by Hib. Therefore Hib vaccination for infants and children in China might be an effective and valuable procedure to achieve the goal.
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PMID:Study on Haemophilus influenzae type b diseases in China: the past, present and future. 978 51

A bacteriological and epidemiological study of bacterial meningitis occurring in infants under one year of age was performed from September 1981 to June 1997 in Niamey, a city of 575,000 residents, located within the African meningitis belt. Cases of meningitis were defined either by culture of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), specific antigen agglutination, staining or cell counts of the CSF. Over the 16 years involving both epidemic and non epidemic periods, 1,481 infant's CSF were analysed, representing 20% out of the total CSF samples. The average of annual incidence rates was 511.4 cases per 100,000 infants under one year. Haemophilus influenzae b represented 35.1% of the cases, Streptococcus pneumoniae 26.3% and Neisseria meningitidis 17.6%. The other bacteria represented 5.5% and, for 15.5% out of the analysed CSF, the causative agent was not identified. The average annual mortality rate was 146.9 deaths for 100,000 infants under one year. The specific case fatality rates were 43% for H. influenzae b, 58.9% for S. pneumoniae and 17.8% for N. meningitidis. This study showed that in Niamey, as in the rest of the meningitis belt, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae b were the main causes of bacterial meningitis occurring in infants under one year. However, the specific incidence of N1 meningitidis was identical for every age group between 0 and 20 years, and varied from 45 per 100,000 during non epidemic year to 550 per 100,000 during epidemic year. Immunisation with conjugate vaccines, particularly anti-Haemophilus vaccine appears to be the best preventive measure. The systematic use of ceftriaxone in infants, during meningococcal meningitis either epidemics or not, is highly recommended.
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PMID:[Epidemiology and control of bacterial meningitis in children less than 1 year in Niamey (Niger)]. 1039 3

The study presented information on the epidemiology of bacterial meningitis in Niamey, Niger from 1981 to 1996 using retrospective surveillance. During the 15-year period, 7078 cases of laboratory-diagnosed bacterial meningitis were identified. 3 years (1984-85, 1985-86, and 1994-95) were considered to be epidemic years, and in these years incidence of bacterial meningitis exceeded 140 cases/100,000 population. The major pathogens were Neisseria meningitidis (57.7%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (13.2%), and Haemophilus influenzae (Hib) (9.5%). Mean annual incidence of bacterial meningitis was 101/100,000 population with an average annual mortality rate of 17 deaths/100,000. Both S. pneumoniae and Hib had caused more meningitis deaths than N. meningitidis, as observed over the 7-year period for which data were available. Meanwhile, N. meningitidis was the major cause of meningitis in persons aged 1-40 years. Meningitis was more common among males than females and was more prevalent during dry seasons. Incidence of meningococcal meningitis was higher (74.3%) in children under 15 years of age, and over 40% of these cases occurred in children below 5 years old. Infants aged less than 1 year had the highest incidence and mortality rates; neonatal (1 month of age) meningitis was identified in 101 cases. The high rate of endemic illness and deaths due to meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa could be prevented through the use of available vaccines such as meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines and Hib conjugate vaccines.
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PMID:Epidemiology of bacterial meningitis in Niamey, Niger, 1981-96. 1042 35

In the past 10 years the epidemiology of bacterial meningitis has changed, with a decreased incidence of meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae and an increasing incidence of meningitis caused by penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Meningococcal meningitis has become an increasing threat to college students. Successful outcome from meningitis requires not only eradication of the bacterial pathogen but also management of the neurological complications of raised intracranial pressure, stroke, and seizure activity. In this article, the pathophysiology, etiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and management of acute bacterial meningitis are reviewed. The present recommendations for the use of dexamethasone in the treatment of this infection, the use of chemoprophylaxis, and the indications for vaccinations are included.
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PMID:Acute bacterial meningitis. 1105 Dec 94

Apart from meningococcal disease in the sub-Saharan meningitis belt, the incidence and impact of life-threatening bacterial diseases in children across Africa have not been quantified. The clinical and epidemiological data on pneumococcal, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and other forms of bacterial meningitis, as well as data on other severe bacterial infections throughout the continent were scrutinized. Pneumococci were the leading causative agents of nonepidemic meningitis and other bacteremic diseases, followed by Hib. Meningococcal diseases were less common. Mortality rates associated with pneumococcal, Hib, and meningococcal meningitis were 549 (45%) of 1211 patients, 389 (29%) of 1352 patients, and 104 (8%) of 1236 patients, respectively; sequelae occurred in 50%, 40%, and 10% of cases. At 0-4 years of age, the estimated incidences of Hib meningitis and all classic Hib diseases were 70 and 100 cases per 100,000 population per year, accounting for approximately 90,000 and 120,000 cases per year, respectively. Including older age groups and, especially, nonbacteremic Hib pneumonia in the estimates of Hib disease in Africa increased the overall numbers manifold; the numbers of pneumococcal infections were even greater. The only realistic way to combat these severe infections efficaciously would be through widespread vaccination, starting with Hib conjugates.
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PMID:Burden of meningitis and other severe bacterial infections of children in africa: implications for prevention. 1111 73


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