Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During the period April 1985 to November 1986 (18 months), 196 children (of age greater than 1 month) admitted to the Children's Emergency Hospital in Khartoum, Sudan, with clinical suspicion of meningitis/meningoencephalitis were followed up prospectively. Bacterial meningitis was diagnosed by culture, direct microscopy and/or antigen-detecting assays (co-agglutination and enzyme immunoassay) in 44 infants (25 Haemophilus influenzae type b, 8 Neisseria meningitidis, 7 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 3 enterobacteria and one mixed infection), aseptic meningitis in 52, cerebral malaria in 4 and febrile convulsions in 96. The majority of cases of bacterial meningitis were boys and 57% of those in whom H. influenzae was the commonest isolate were less than 1 year old. The presenting signs and symptoms are described as well as the transient and permanent short-term sequelae. The total mortality from bacterial meningitis was 19%, permanent neurological sequelae were seen in 26% of survivors. Prospective follow-up, including audiometry, of 35 children 1-2 months after discharge showed that 11% had hemiplegia and 20% had hearing impairment. The potential impact of vaccination against invasive H. influenzae infections is discussed.
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PMID:Endemic bacterial meningitis in Sudanese children: aetiology, clinical findings, treatment and short-term outcome. 169 86

A prospective study using a Latex particle agglutination test for the detection of bacterial antigens in CSF has been carried out in 91 patients in Kamuzu Central Hospital, Malawi. The antigens sought were those of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae b, Neisseria meningitidis B/E. coli K1, and Neisseria meningitidis A,C,Y,W 135. Forty-one patients had proven bacterial meningitis, two had tuberculous meningitis, 39 had cerebral malaria, four had aseptic meningitis and five had convulsions. The sensitivity and specificity of the tests (Str. pneumoniae, 88% and 100%, H. influenzae b, 87% and 96%; N. meningitidis A,C,Y,W 135, 100% and 100%; and N. meningitidis B, 100% and 98%) were as good as those reported from developed countries. Unlike in some other parts of Africa, group B meningococci seem to predominate in cases of meningococcal meningitis in Malawi.
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PMID:Latex particle agglutination tests as an adjunct to the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis: a study from Malawi. 248 30

Between July 1981 and June 1984 1223 cases of meningitis were seen in the Department of Paediatrics, Tygerberg Hospital. The commonest form in each population group was aseptic meningitis. Positive viral cultures were obtained from the CSF in 108 cases. The median age of white children with aseptic meningitis, 64 months, was significantly greater than that of coloured children, 45 months (P greater than 0.0001), and black children, 26 months (P greater than 0.014). The commonest cause of confirmed bacterial meningitis was Neisseria meningitidis (140 cases; 11.5%), which continues to affect mainly young coloured children (median age 16.9 months). Resistance to sulphonamides was found among 21% of 114 N. meningitidis isolates. Among white children Haemophilus influenzae was responsible for 9 of the 18 cases of confirmed bacterial meningitis. Tuberculosis was responsible for 62 cases of meningitis (5%) and was a commoner cause of meningitis than either H. influenzae (47 cases) or Streptococcus pneumoniae (34 cases). Thirty-four confirmed cases of bacterial meningitis were seen in children less than 1 month old. Klebsiella species were responsible for 8 cases (24%), Escherichia coli for 6 cases (12%), group B beta-haemolytic Streptococcus for 5 cases (15%) while 4 cases each were due to N. meningitidis and Strept. pneumoniae.
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PMID:Paediatric meningitis in the western Cape. A 3-year hospital-based prospective survey. 302 Jul 18

In 52 children with meningitis caused by Hemophilus influenzae, pneumococci, meningococci and group B streptococci the organism responsible could be identified in 41 cases (79%) within one hour with specific antisera by means of countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CIE). False positive results were not observed in meningitis caused by other organisms, aseptic meningitis, septicemia, etc. In 4 cases the organism could only be identified by CIE since the children had received antibiotics and the culture was negative. Group B meningococci are often missed in CIE. CIE proved to be a valuable tool in diagnostic procedures of bacterial meningitis.
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PMID:[The diagnostic significance of countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) in bacterial meningitis in children (author's transl)]. 611 17

As a result of conducting experimental and clinical tests with the newly developed cephalosporin, cefoperazone (CPZ), the following conclusions were obtained: (1) When tested against 10 strains of Staphylococcus aureus and 16 strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis, the antibacterial activity of CPZ was found to be weaker than that of CEZ. Against 5 strains of A-beta-Streptococcus and 4 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, both CPZ and CEZ exhibited similar excellent antibacterial activity. CPZ was effective against 18 strains of Escherichia coli though its activity was influenced by the amount of inoculated bacteria present. Against 15 strains of Haemophilus influenzae and 10 strains of Haemophilus parahaemolyticus, CPZ was found to be more effective than CEZ though several high-resistant strains were noted. CPZ also showed more excellent antibacterial activity than CEZ against 4 strains of Haemophilus parainfluenzae, 5 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 8 strains of Salmonella sp., 4 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 4 strains of Proteus sp. (2) The mean half-life in the blood following intravenous injections of 25 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg of CPZ to three children was 70 minutes. (3) One hour after intravenous injection of 25 mg/kg of CPZ to 3 cases of aseptic meningitis, drug concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was 1.20 mcg/ml, less than 0.39 mcg/ml and 1.55 mcg/ml. In one case, the CSF/serum ratio was 2.7%. (4) The average recovery rate in the urine of children who had received intravenous administrations of 25 mg/kg (3 children) and 10 mg/kg (1 child) was 17.8% between 0 and 6 hours. (5) Eighteen pediatric patients received CPZ in doses ranging from 48 to 170 mg/kg divided three-four times a day. They were RTI in 7, URI in 5, UTI in 5, SSSS in 1 and enteritis in 1 children. The clinical effectiveness of CPZ was judged to be remarkedly effective in 11 children, effective in 5 children and ineffective in 3 children, with an overall effective rate of 84.2%. One patient of tonsillitis combined sinusitis was considered 2 cases. The three cases in which the drug was found to e ineffective were 2 cases of pyothorax and 1 case of sinusitis. (6) Side effects were 1 case of eosinophilia, 2 cases of elevation of GOT and GPT, and 1 case of mild elevation of GOT. All were considered to be minor.
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PMID:[Fundamental and clinical studies of cefoperazone in children (author's transl)]. 645 30

The relative frequency of meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae in school-age children was determined by reviewing etiologic diagnoses in children 6 to 15 years old admitted to four hospitals from 1974 to 1978. Sixty-five (45%) of 145 patients had aseptic meningitis and 29 (20%) had bacterial meningitis. Thirty-two (22%) of the patients had received antibiotic therapy before diagnosis, and 19 (13%) could not be classified. Six (21%) of the 29 patients with bacterial meningitis had H influenzae meningitis. Although aseptic disease was the most common type of meningitis, initial antibiotic therapy for presumed bacterial meningitis in school-aged children should include adequate coverage for H influenzae.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in school-aged children. 679 65

The aetiology of central nervous system infections was surveyed in a study at Aurora Hospital, Helsinki, in 1980. Of the 146 patients with central nervous system infections, 113 had aseptic meningitis, 23 bacterial and one tuberculous meningitis, and nine meningoencephalitis or encephalitis. The probable aetiology of aseptic meningitis was established in 67% of the 106 patients properly tested, the commonest agents being mumps (27%), Coxsackie (24%) and ECHO (9%) viruses. Haemophilus influenza type b was the most frequent cause of bacterial meningitis (39%), occurring solely among infants and young children. There were no cases due to Neisseria meningitidis group A, which used earlier to be epidemic in Finland. The incidences of aseptic, bacterial and tuberculous meningitis in Helsinki in 1980 (based on a total of 174 patients treated in the three hospitals admitting patients with central nervous system infections) were 26.7, 5.2 and 0.2 cases per 100,100 annually, and those of encephalitides and myelitis 3.5 and 0.6 cases per 100,000 annually.
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PMID:The incidence and aetiology of central nervous system infections in Helsinki in 1980. 714 95

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was analysed to determine a lumbar puncture (LP) yield for meningitis in 95 children who presented with their first febrile convulsions between July 1993 and June 1994. There were 52 males and 43 females aged six months to six years with a mean age of 21.9 +/- 13.0 months at presentation. 87(91.6%) had simple febrile convulsions (SFC) while the remaining 8(8.4%) had complex febrile convulsions (CFC). The majority of the subjects presented with a sudden onset of convulsions that were preceded by a day or two history of fever, coryza, cough and respiratory distress while others had their convulsions preceded by fever and passage of bloody stools. The LP yield for meningitis in this series was 6.3%. The CSF analysis revealed six cases of meningitis comprising an eight month old infant with Haemophilus influenzae type B (HIB) meningitis, two partially treated pyogenic meningitis and three aseptic meningitis. All of them had presented with febrile convulsions without signs of meningeal irritation. Excluding aseptic meningitis from this series, a 3.1% LP yield for pyogenic meningitis is significant enough to recommend continued performance of LP in children with first febrile convulsions, especially if under the age of eighteen months.
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PMID:Analysis of the results of routine lumbar puncture after a first febrile convulsion in Hofuf, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia. 749 8

Using a new endotoxin-specific chromogneic limulus assay (Endoscopy test), endotoxin concentrations were measured in 93 specimens of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 66 pediatric patients. Eighteen patients were diagnosed as having menigitios. Of these, 6 cases (group A) with gram-negative meningitis proven by culture had high CSF endotoxin concentrations of 115.3, (82-133) (median, range) pg/ml. Ten cases (group B) with gram-positive or aseptic meningitis had endotoxin concentrations of 2.15 (0.1-3.6) pg ml. Other 2 cases with bacterial meningitis (group C), in whom no pathogen was detected, had CSF endotoxin concentrations of more than 100 pg/ml. Four cases with encephalitis (group D) and 45 cases with non-meningitis or non- encephalitis (group E), had CSF endotoxin concentrations of less than 5 pg/ml. Despite a negative culture after antibiotic treatment in group A patients, endotoxin was cleared slowly from the CSF. A clearing of endotoxin from CSF was followed by alleviation of fever with a more gradual decline in CRP values. In 2 cases of group C, the negative bacterial culture appeared to be attributable to the previous treatment with antibiotics. However, these patients had high CSF endotoxin levels, indicating gram negative bacterial meningitis. In 17 CSF specimens from 5 patients of group A, in whom Haemophilus influenzae was detected on admission, an additional a latex agglutination test for the detection of H. influenzae polysaccharide antigen was performed. Only 3 specimens from 3 patients with CSF endotoxin concentrations of more than 80 pg/ml had a positive agglutination test. These results suggest that quantitation of endotoxin concentrations is useful for the diagnosis of gram-negative meningitis. And also, the clearance of endotoxin from CSF during treatment appears to be useful in determining the timing of when antibiotic should be stopped.
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PMID:[Usefulness of endotoxin-specific limulus test for the measurement of endotoxin in cerebrospinal fluid in diagnosis of bacterial meningitis]. 870 2

This study was designed to determine the magnitude of bacterial meningitis in general and Hib meningitis in particular among children below the age of 5 years. A population-based, prospective descriptive and analytical study was conducted in five regions, one each in northern, southern, eastern, western, and central parts of Saudi Arabia. Active surveillance for cases of bacterial meningitis among the study population, which comprised 171,818 children under 5 years of age, was implemented. A total of 208 cases of meningitis were identified, of which 141 (67.8 per cent) were identified with a definite causative organism. The remaining 67 cases (32 per cent) were labeled as aseptic meningitis. The overall incidence of meningitis was 60.53/10(5) in under-fives with a disease spectrum similar to that reported in studies conducted in other countries. The three leading causes of meningitis were Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type B), MCM (Neisseria menigitides) and SPN (Streptococcus pneumoniae). Hib meningitis constituted 28 per cent of cases with an incidence rate of 16.88/10(5) children. There was a marked regional variation in Hib incidence. MCM was the second leading cause (18 per cent) of meningitis with an incidence of 10.77/10(5) while SPN comprised 11 per cent of cases and its incidence was 9.69/10(5). Almost all MCM cases were related to meningitis outbreaks that occurred in Saudi Arabia during two successive Hajj seasons (2000-2001). Hib cases showed a bimodal seasonality, one peak during March-May, the other during September-November. The fact that this study is the first national base-line data on meningitis in general and Hib incidence in particular, has augmented further justification for introducing Hib vaccine within the national Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI). Based on the experience gained during this study regarding surveillance of meningitis disease, optimal methods to strengthen meningitis surveillance were identified. A model of Meningitis Diseases Surveillance was generated that can be tested and then generalized. The study has documented beyond doubt the impact of Hajj seasons on MCM disease occurrence and further justifies the rigorous control and preventive measures being taken in this aspect.
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PMID:Haemophilus type B meningitis in Saudi children under 5 years old. 1523 87


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