Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Cefuroxime (CXM) was studied for absorption and excretion in 4 pediatric patients given one shot intravenous injection of 20 approximately 25 mg/kg. The following serum levels were determined: 24.5 approximately 38.0 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes (mean 33.3 +/- 6.1 micrograms/ml), 10.0 approximately 17.0 micrograms/ml at 1 hours (mean 13.9 +/- 3.3 micrograms/ml), 3.4 approximately 7.6 micrograms/ml at 2 hours (mean 5.2 +/- 1.9 micrograms/ml, 0.7 approximately 2.1 micrograms/ml at 4 hours (mean 1.3 +/- 0.6 micrograms/ml, 0.1 approximately 0.3 microgram/ml at 6 hours (mean 0.2 +/- 0.1 microgram microgram/ml). Half-life (T 1/2) was 0.65 approximately 0.88 hour (mean 0.75 +/- 0.10 hour). Urinary levels were 1,280 approximately 7,100 micrograms/ml at 0 approximately 2 hours, 96 approximately 3,400 micrograms/ml at 2 approximately 4 hours, 68 approximately 250 micrograms/ml at 4 approximately 6 hours. Urinary recovery rate at 0 approximately 6 hours was 54.1 approximately 74.4% (mean 61.8 +/- 9.4%). 2. From the study on spinal fluid concentration in pediatric patients with Haemophilus influenzae-induced meningitis, the dose of CXM 52.2 mg/kg was given to 1 pediatric case with this disease by one shot intravenous injection. Spinal fluid levels were presumed as 9.0 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 6.8 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 3.8 micrograms/ml at 2 hours and 1.2 micrograms/ml at 4 hours. 3. CXM was studied in 19 pediatric patients with bacterial infection for clinical efficacy, bacteriological effect and side effect. Clinical result was found good in 1 with purulent meningitis; excellent in 9 out of 15 with acute lobar pneumonia or acute bronchopneumonia, and good in remaining 6 cases; good in 2 with acute bronchitis; excellent in 1 with acute pyelonephritis. This represents efficacy ("excellent" plus "good") rate of 100%. Of 5 strains of H. influenzae presumed as causative organisms, 4 were disappeared and 1 was reduced. Two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae and 1 strain of Escherichia coli were disappeared. No side effect was noted in terms of clinical symptom. Laboratory examination showed elevation of GOT and GPT in 1 case, but these elevated values returned to normal after the end of the CXM treatment.
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PMID:[Study of cefuroxime in pediatric field (author's transl)]. 51 99

The penetration of cefamandole and ampicillin into the cerebrospinal fluid of rabbits with and without pneumococcal meningitis was evaluated. In normal animals, a mean maximum concentration of 0.22 +/- 0.13 microgram of cefamandole per ml was measured in the spinal fluid after a dose of 150 mg/kg given intramuscularly; with 25 and 50 mg/kg doses, no antibiotic was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid. With ampicillin, in intramuscular doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg, the mean maximum concentrations encountered in the cerebrospinal fluid were 1.59 +/- 0.4 and 1.47 +/- 0.44 microgram/ml, respectively. Penetration of cefamandole, and to a lesser extent ampicillin, was increased after 24 h of experimental meningitis. With cefamandole, the concentration of drug in the cerebrospinal fluid exceeded the usual inhibitory concentration for Haemophilus influenzae only with the 150 mg/kg dose. After 48 h of meningitis, there was a trend toward higher levels of antibiotic in the cerebrospinal fluid, but the difference between animals infected 24 versus 48 h was not statistically significant. In animals with meningitis, serum concentrations after 150 mg of cefamandole per kg and both ampicillin doses studied were 32 to 38% lower than the serum levels achieved in normal rabbits after identical doses of antibiotic.
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PMID:Pharmacokinetics of cefamandole and ampicillin in experimental meningitis. 52 98

The passage of 6-[(R)-2-[3-methylsulfonyl-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenyl-acetamido)-penicillanic acid sodium salt (mezlocillin, Baypen), into the CSF was studied in 9 patients with symptoms of acute meningitis, presumed to be of viral origin. The antibiotic was given as a single 5 g dose i.v. over 30 min. The CSF/serum concentration ratio of mezlocillin showed a variation from 0 to 10.7%. The antibiotic could be effective in the treatment of bacterial meningitis caused by ampicillin-resistant strains of Haemophilus influenzae and by most Enterobacteriaceae, provided these results will be confirmed by a study now in progress. In one patient suffering from meningococcal meningitis this concentration ratio varied between 72% (day 3) and 54% (day 12).
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PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid penetration of mezlocillin. 54 3

Six cephalosporin antibiotics (cefamandole, cefazolin, cephacetrile, cephalothin, cephaloridine, and cephradine) and two penicillin (ampicillin and penicillin G) were evaluated in vitro and in a rabbit model of experimental meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae or Streptococcus pneumoniae. The percentage penetration ([concentration in cerebrospinal fluid/concentration in serum] X 100%) of these antibiotics varied from 0.7% for cephalothin to 17% for cephaloridine. The penetration varied inversely with binding to serum proteins. The bactericidal rate of all of the cephalosporin antibiotics was similar in vitro and in vivo to that of penicillin G. However, as demonstrated with cephalothin, concentrations considerably above the minimal bactericidal concentration (as determined in broth) were necessary to initiate the bactericidal effect. Cefamandole was found to be as effective as ampicillin in the therapy of H. influenzae meningitis in rabbits.
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PMID:Cephalosporin antibiotics in therapy of experimental Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in rabbits. 64 99

To determine the effect of various demographic factors on the incidence of Hemophilus influenzae, type b meningitis, Rhode Island residents with H. influenzae in 1970-1974 were identified by review of data from the State Department of Health, a private health care research organization, death certificates, and hospital bacteriology laboratories. Of the 108 cases of H. influenzae, 99 (92%) occurred in children under five years of age. The disease incidence among black children under five (103.6/100,000/annum) was significantly (P less than 0.0005) higher than that among white children (23.9/100,000/annum). By eliminating the 29 of 185 census tracts in which the total population was greater than 5% black, disease incidence was studied in a virtually monoracial population. In these white census tracts, in which the population was 99.2% white, the occurrence of H. influenzae was not related to family income, education, number of household members, population density, or rate of hospitalization. These findings confirm the increased incidence of H. influenzae in blacks and indicate that socioeconomic factors do not affect the incidence of the disease in white children.
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PMID:Demographic factors in the epidemiology of hemophilus influenzae meningitis in young children. 66 Mar 53

Between January 1976 and March 1977, cerebrospinal fluid samples from 2130 patients at University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria were examined, 130 patients were shown to have pyogenic meningitis. The commonest causative bacteria were Streptococcus pneumoniae (53.8%), Haemophilus influenzae (23%), Neisseria meningitidis (7.7%) and Klebsiella spp. (3%). Most of the infections occurred in very young children: 47% of all patients were under 1 year of age, and 69% were under 5 years old. The overall case fatality rate was 30% (Strep. penumoniae infection 28.6%, H. influenzae and N. meningitidis infection both 20%). All 4 patients with klebsiella infection died. There was a noticeable increase in the incidence of Strep. pneumoniae strains showing resistance to tetracycline, between 1974 and 1976, and this was attributed to the widespread use and abuse of the antibiotic among the general population. Two strains of H. influenzae were found to be resistant to ampicillin; such strains have not previously been reported from Nigeria. The results of the study support the use of a combination of ampicillin and gentamicin in the initial treatment of pyogenic meningitis in Ibadan.
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PMID:Pyogenic meningitis in Ibadan, Nigeria. A 15-month prospective study. 67 64

Using positive blood, lung, or pleural fluid cultures as definitive criteria for bacterial infection, 43 examples of Hemophilus influenzae type b pneumonia were identified in a 43-month period. The mean age of the patients was 26 months; 12% were older than 5 years of age. Associated infections were found in 34 patients and included upper respiratory infections, otitis media, epiglottitis, and meningitis. Positive nasopharyngeal cultures were observed in only 33%. Radiologically, segmental or lobar infiltrates accounted for 85% of the pneumonias. In two cases, death was attributed to the pneumonia alone. Treatment with penicillin G or ampicillin was equally effective. Our data suggest that H. influenzae pneumonia is commonly a serious infection that cannot be distinguished clinically or radiologically from other pneumonias.
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PMID:Hemophilus influenzae type b pneumonia in 43 children. 69 Jul 52

SQ 14,359 is a new cephamycin-type (7alpha-OCH3) antibiotic belonging to a series containing a 7alpha-ureidoacetyl substituent. The compound is the most potent extended spectrum derivative of this type yet reported, surpassing CS-1170 and cefoxitin by a wide margin. This activity in vitro which extends throughout the Enterobacteriaceae is particularly prominent against Gram-negative organisms that are producers of "cephalosporinase-type" beta-lactamases such as Enterobacter, Serratia, Citrobacter and indole-positive Proteus species. Superior activity also is demonstrated in vitro against streptococci, beta-lactamase-producing staphylococci, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and many Gram-negative pathogens resistant to aminoglycoside antibiotics. Experimental chemotherapeutic studies have confirmed these observations in wound and selected systemic infections in mice as well as acute pyelonephritis and meningitis in rats. The pharmacokinetics for each drug including antibiotic bound to serum was similar in both mice and rats. The pharmacokinetic profile in blood and cerebrospinal fluid favored SQ 14,359.
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PMID:Cephamycin derivatives: comparison of the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of SQ 14,359, CS-1170, and cefoxitin. 71 11

A prospective clinical and bacteriological review of the pattern of bacterial infections and chemotherapy among 1931 patients admitted to University College Hospital, Ibadan, between July and September, 1976, showed that 394 patients (20%) had bacterial infections, but 940 patients (49%) received antimicrobial chemotherapy. Thus 58% of the patients were treated either prophylactically or without bacteriological confirmation of infection. Infections of the respiratory tract were commonest (28%), followed closely by wound infections (26%). Septicaemia accounted for 20% of all infections and this was particularly common among children. There was a preponderance of infections due to gram-negative bacteria (69%), with Klebsiella spp. being the most frequently encountered. Among the gram-positive organisms, Staphylococcus aureus accounted for the majority of the infections, particularly infections of wounds, while Salmonellae were responsible for the majority of septicaemias, except among young children, where Klebsiella spp. were predominant. Approximately 90% of urinary tract infections were caused by Klebsiella, Escherichia coli and Proteus spp. Almost all the patients with meningitis were children (93%) and the commonest infecting organisms were Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The most commonly used antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin and ampicillin) did not bear a close relationship to the sensitivity patterns of bacteria causing infections in the hospital. Comparison of the bacterial sensitivity patterns for 1963, 1967, 1974 and 1976 showed that the current usage of antibiotics had led over the years to increasing proportions of resistant organisms.
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PMID:Bacterial infections, sensitivity patterns, and chemotherapy among hospital patients in the tropics. 72 40

Specimens of cerebrospinal fluid from 201 patients with meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis groups A/B/C/135, Streptococcus pneumoniae (23 types), and Haemophilus influenzae type b were tested for the presence of specific bacterial antigens by latex agglutination, counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), and protein A co-agglutination. Specific antigens were found in 75% of the specimens by latex agglutination and CIE, and in 60% of the specimens by protein A co-agglutination. Non-specific reactions in protein A co-agglutination were prevented by heating the specimens to 100 degrees C for a few minutes. The three methods are simple and quick to perform. The smallest amount of antiserum was used in protein A co-agglutination, but we found this method less sensitive. Latex agglutination and CIE proved to be equally sensitive, but the first method was easier to adopt in practice.
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PMID:Latex agglutination, counterimmunoelectrophoresis, and protein A co-agglutination in diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. 74 87


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