Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

17 infants and children with pyogenic meningitis (14 Haemophilus influenzae, 2 Diplococcus pneumoniae, 1 Neisseria meningitidis) were treated with thiamphenicol, 100 mg/kg body weight/day in 4 doses i.v., as single drug. In the H. influenzae group 10 patients were cured, 4 had relapses of meningitis, 3 with documented subdural effusions. This group is compared with 14 children matched for age, initial leucocyte and CSF cell count treated with ampicillin: all of these were cured, 1 had a subdural effusion. Thiamphenicol concentrations were determined in the serum and CSF 2 h after administration. The mean serum levels were between 10-12 mcg/ml, the mean CSF levels varied from 5.4 mcg/ml at the beginning to 1-1.9 mcg/ml at the end of meningitis. The MIC of H. influenzae was 0.6-12 mcg/ml. A significant, acute, and dose related bone marrow toxicity of thiamphenicol could be documented, but was always rapidly fully reversible. We conclude that thiamphenicol cannot replace chloramphenicol in the treatment of pyogenic meningitis as single systemic antibiotic. Special indications for thiamphenicol in this disease are discussed.
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PMID:Thiamphenicol in treatment of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. 31 71

This report describes an unusual pathogen associated with post-traumatic meningitis. Haemophilus influenzae type D was isolated from both cerebrospinal fluid and blood of this patient with meningitis.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae Type D meningitis. 31 80

The unusual occurrence of endophthalmitis associated with Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteremia and meningitis was confirmed in three young children during a five-year period. In contrast to bacterial endophthalmitis attributed to other microorganisms, these three infections resolved completely within a few days with conventional antimicrobial therapy. Endophthalmitis is but one of the apparently increasing number of unsuual complications that may be observed as a result of H influenzae type b bacteremia.
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PMID:Endophthalmitis associated with Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteremia and meningitis. 31 1

Two men who sustained skull fractures secondary to blunt head trauma developed meningitis due to Hemophilus influenzae type b. The isolates in both cases were resistant to ampicillin but susceptible to chloramphenicol. Based of this experience, and recent epidemiological trends, it is suggested that chloramphenicol, rather than penicillin G, might be the initial therapy of choice for posttraumatic meningitis when no micro-organisms are recognized on Gram-stained smears of the cerebrospinal fluid.
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PMID:Posttraumatic meningitis due to ampicillin-resistant Hemophilus influenzae. Case report. 31 22

To determine the risk of severe Haemophilus influenzae illness among household contacts of patients with H. influenzae meningitis, we studied prospective data obtained in 19 states from January 1, 1977, to June 30, 1978. H. influenzae meningitis was reported in 1403 patients, and 1147 (82 per cent) of the exposed families were investigated for the occurrence of H. influenzae disease within 30 days after its onset in the index patient. During this interval, nine of 1687 household contacts (0.5 per cent) under the age of six years had systemic disease confirmed to be caused by H. influenzae Type b. The risk in children less than one year of age was 6 per cent, and the risk in those less than four years of age was 2.1 per cent. None of 2624 contacts above the age of five was affected. In the 30 days after onset of meningitis, the risk of this infection alone, aside from other types of serious H. influenzae disease, is 585 times greater in household contacts than the age-adjusted risk in the general population. The risk of H. influenzae disease in household contacts under six years of age is similar to the risk of secondary meningococcal disease in all household contacts--indicating a need for effective antimicrobial prophylaxis.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. A national study of secondary spread in household contacts. 31 3

During a 14-year period there were 65 cases of pneumonia caused by Haemophilus influenzae b; 83% were children less than 2 years of age and 80% of illness occurred in winter and spring. The roentgenographic picture was consolidative pneumonia in 75% and pleural effusions were present in 75% of all cases. Ten patients had associated meningitis and three had purulent pericarditis. Otitis media was diagnosed in 43% and H influenzae b was isolated from eight middle ear aspirates. Three patients (5%) died. Recommendations for diagnosis and treatment are made.
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PMID:Report of 65 cases of Haemophilus influenzae b pneumonia. 31 22

We selected 16 schools representing a broad socioeconomic cross-section of metropolitan Omaha and obtained nasopharyngeal cultures for Haemophilus influenzae from 1,084 healthy 4- to 7-year-old children. We found that 34.2% of the children carried nontypable strains and 2.0% carried type b strains. Carriage rates were not influenced by recent illness, family size, or number of people sharing a bedroom. The prevalence of ampicillin-resistant H influenzae in the sample population was 0.9% for nontypable strains and 0.4% for type b strains; it was not significantly different in the group of children who had recently used beta-lactam antibiotics. One child carried a nontypable strain which was resistant to both chloramphenicol and tetracycline, the first chloramphenicol-resistant H influenzae detected in Omaha. A survey of healthy children may be a useful method for projecting a community's risk of disease caused by ampicillin-resistant H influenzae. Among the nasopharyngeal isolates from healthy children, 2.7% of nontypable strains and 18.2% of type b strains were resistant to ampicillin (P less than .01). During the same five-month period in Omaha, clinical failure in the treatment of otitis media with ampicillin was uncommon and four (20.0%) of 20 cases of H influenzae type b bacteremia and meningitis were caused by ampicillin-resistant organisms.
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PMID:Nasopharyngeal carriage of antibiotic-resistant Haemophilus influenzae in healthy children. 31 23

Children not initially admitted to the hospital accounted for 42 of 94 episodes of bacteremia due to Haemophilus influenzae. Antibiotics were prescribed for 22 of the 42 children who were initially sent home; at second visit, 17 were improved, including all 13 with pneumonia. No antibiotics were prescribed for 20 children; at second visit, 15 had persistent fever or new focal infection and five had resolution of symptoms. New diagnoses of focal infection were made at second visit in three of the 22 treated and in 11 of the 20 untreated children, including three who had a new diagnosis of meningitis (one treated with antibiotics initially; two not treated). Cultures of blood positive for H. influenzae were obtained at second visit in ten children who were not treated initially; no child who was treated initially had a second positive culture. These findings indicate that although young children with bacteremia due to H. influenzae may be mildly ill at first visit, many are at risk for development of serious focal infection, including meningitis.
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PMID:Unsuspected bacteremia due to Haemophilus influenzae: outcome in children not initially admitted to hospital. 31 72

The current prevalence of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae b meningitis requires accurate knowledge of susceptibility to alternative antibiotics. One variable affecting susceptibility is inoculum size. We studied the susceptibility of 200 clinical isolates of H. influenzae b to ampicillin, carbenicillin, and cefamandole at inocula of 10(5) and 10(7) CFU by two techniques. Fifty ampicillin-susceptible and fifty ampicillin-resistant strains were tested for susceptibility to ampicillin by broth dilution while 100 of each were tested by agar dilution. An inoculum effect was found, being greatest with the ampicillin-resistant strains. The range of minimal inhibitory concentrations for the resistant strains was 25 to 800 microgram of ampicillin per ml at an inoculum of 10(5) and 2,000 to less than 6,000 microgram of ampicillin at 10(7); 1.0 to 150 microgram of carbenicillin per ml at 10(5) and 6.2 to 2,000 microgram of carbenicillin per ml at 10(7); 0.4 to 2.0 microgram of cefamandole at 10(5) and 1.0 to 125 microgram/ml at 10(7). Because of this inoculum effect, we would not recommend the use of carbenicillin or cefamandole for therapy of ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae meningitis.
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PMID:Effect of inoculum size on the susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae b to beta-lactam antibiotics. 31 8

Haemophilus influenzae type e biotype 4 was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a 16-month-old child with meningitis. This is the first isolation, from a case of meningitis, of this organism that has been biotyped.
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PMID:Meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae type e biotype 4. 31 34


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