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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Crebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 142 patients was tested for the presence of Haemophilus influenzae, pneumococcal and meningococcal antigens by counter-immuno-electrophoresis with commercial antisera. Group- or type-specific antigen was detected in the CSF of 67% of 64 patients with meningitis proved by culture to be due to these organisms, and in 10 of 25 patients with purulent meningitis but negative cultures. No false positive results were obtained in 24 normal CSF specimens, or in the CSF of 29 patients with meningitis caused by other organisms. The diagnostic usefulness of this specific, relatively simple and rapid procedure is confirmed.
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PMID:The use of counter-immuno-electrophoresis to identify causative organisms in bacterial meningitis: experience in Cape Town. 1 27

Data are presented on the occurrence of and mortality rate from acute bacterial meningitis at Boston City Hospital during 12 years between 1935 and 1972 selected in relation to the introduction of potent antibacterial agents. The most frequent causative organisms were Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae, but large proportions were caused by other gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli. The greatest reduction in mortality rate after antibiotics became widely used was in patients with meningococcal and influenzal meningitis who were less than or equal to 19 years old. Less striking reductions occurred in cases of other etiologies in patients less than or equal to 59 years old, but in those greater than or equal to 60 years old, the mortality rate remained high, and the proportion of cases of meningitis in that age group more than doubled. Comparisons with similar data on all bacteremic infections are presented.
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PMID:Acute bacterial meningitis at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years, 1935-1972. 2 Apr 79

A prospective study was done to determine the effect of prior antibiotic therapy on concentrations of bacteria in CSF at the time of diagnosis. Concentrations of Haemophilus influenzae type b in CSF of partially treated patients were significantly smaller than in CSF of untreated patients. This was also true of patients with meningococcal meningitis, but no difference was observed between patients with pneumococcal meningitis. The identification of H influenzae by Gram stain of CSF was significantly decreased by prior antibiotic therapy. Measurable levels of antibiotic (penicillins, aminoglycosides) were present in CSF of ten of 23 patients. Two partially treated patients were diagnosed by detection of meningococcal antigen in CSF by counterimmunoelectrophoresis although cultures of CSF were sterile. Both of these patients had measurable levels of penicillin in CSF. These data indicate that prior antibiotic therapy significantly decreases the concentration of H influenzae type b and meningococcus in CSF and therefore decreases the usefulness of CSF Gram stain. Partial therapy may sterilize the CSF of some patients.
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PMID:Effect of prior antibiotic therapy on concentrations of bacteria in CSF. 2 90

MOST SUPPURATIVE INFECTIONS OF THE MENINGES ARE CAUSED BY FIVE BACTERIAL SPECIES: Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and group B streptococcus. The immune response of adults to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides has been studied in great detail and their responses to meningococcal and H. influenzae type b capsular polysaccharides are quite similar. Immune responses of adults to E. coli and group B streptococcal antigens are disappointing. The responses of children below the age of 7 years differ both quantitatively and in duration. Early experience shows that useful antibody titres can be achieved with certain antigens but further studies are required. In order to prevent bacterial meningitis by immunization, three vaccine formulations will need to be developed. When epidemic meningococcal disease occurs in a population, the vaccine containing only components of the meningococcus would be applied to a large segment of the population to terminate the epidemic. The second vaccine would contain components of H. influenzae type b, pneumococcus, and the meningococcus and would be administered in the first year of life, and repeated at suitable intervals to maintain life-long immunity. The third vaccine, designed to prevent neonatal meningitis caused by E. coli K1 and group B streptococci, would be administered to women preferably during the third trimester of pregnancy, so that their offspring would inherit sufficient antibodies to protect them during the first 3 months of life.The vaccine against the meningococcus is a reality and has been used extensively during major epidemics, with excellent results. The two vaccines for control of endemic bacterial meningitides do not exist as yet, but the prospects are good.
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PMID:Prospects for the prevention of bacterial meningitis with polysaccharide vaccines. 3 85

The bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects of chloramphenicol, ampicillin, tetracycline, and sulfisoxazole were compared against several potential meningeal pathogens. Chloramphenicol is bactericidal at clinically achievable concentrations against Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis. It is bacteriostatic against gram-negative bacilli of the family Enterobacteriaceae and against Staphylococcus aureus. Chloramphenicol has proven highly efficacious in the treatment of bacterial meningitis caused by those organisms against which it is bactericidal at low concentrations. Because leukocytic phagocytosis in the subarachnoid space is inefficient, we propose that bactericidal activity in cerebrospinal fluid is important for optimal therapy of bacterial meningitis. Chloramphenicol does not provide such activity in meningitis caused by enteric gram-negative bacilli.
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PMID:Bactericidal and bacteriostatic action of chloramphenicol against memingeal pathogens. 3 42

An estimation of the benefits of vaccination against bacterial meningitis are based on the age-specific incidence of meningitis caused by the different groups of meningococci, by Haemophilus influenzae and by pneumococci, and the known efficacy of the present polysaccharide vaccines against these agents. Since the incidence of bacterial meningitis is more than ten times higher below the age of five years that at a later age, vaccination at 1 1/2 years of age could prevent a large fraction of all cases.
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PMID:Should we plan a general childhood vaccination against bacterial meningitis? 4 96

The opsonic activity of normal human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has not been well defined. In this study, the opsonic activity of normal CSF for laboratory and blood culture isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Hemophilus influenzae type b, and Neisseria meningitidis was measured by a quantitative assay employing radiolabeled bacteria and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. All isolates of S. aureus, except the Wood 46 strain, were opsonized in undiluted CSF (>50% uptake by polymorphonuclear leukocytes.) There was heat-stable and heat-labile opsonic activity in CSF for S. aureus. Only one blood culture isolate of E. coli was moderately well opsonized in undiluted CSF (26% uptake). None of the remaining laboratory or clinical isolates were opsonized in undiluted CSF. The S. aureus isolates were more readily opsonized in dilute normal serum than were the other bacterial species, and complement appeared to be the heat-labile opsonin in serum. However, complement may not be the heat-labile opsonin in normal CSF for S. aureus. In contrast to serum, complement C3 was not visualized on the staphylococcal cell surface by immunofluorescence microscopy and chelation of CSF did not diminish opsonic activity. This study demonstrates that normal CSF is opsonic for S. aureus but not for bacterial species that more commonly cause meningitis. These species differences in opsonic requirements may be important in the pathogenesis of meningitis.
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PMID:Opsonic activity of normal human cerebrospinal fluid for selected bacterial species. 4 89

Pneumococcal meningitis, because of their frequency and their severity, are regarded as an important problem of Public Health in Africa. In a great number of African countries, particularly Equatorial and Central Africa, the pneumococcus is the first agent of bacterial meningitis. The annual prevalence is estimated as about 14/100 000 persons. The case fatality rate (on 1 600 cases) is 49,5% ; the annual mortality reaches about 7/100 000 (28 000 annual deaths in Africa). The babies and the old persons are more exposed to the risk, with an annual prevalence of 28,5/100 000 before five years old, and of 16,1/100 000 after sixty years old. The risk is small between five and forty five years old. The risk is very high in patients homozygous for sickle-cell disease. The spread of all detected serotypes, by descending frequency is : 1, 5, 6, 3, 23, 12, 2, 14, 9, 18, 19, 4, 8, 29, 40, others (Danish system of nomenclature). The distribution according to age is indicated by the authors. A vaccine with only 8 serotypes (1, 5, 6, 3, 23, 12, 2, 14) could cover 80% of serotypes in Dakar. For the babies, addition to pneumococcal vaccine with polyribose phosphate of Haemophilus influenzae b, could be useful, because high prevalence of meningitis with this germ before five years old in Africa.
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PMID:[Epidemiologic features of pneumococcal meningitis in Africa. Clinical and serotypical aspects (author's transl)]. 4 37

During a three-year-period, 1971-73 inclusive, haemophili isolated from 96 children with severe infections, of whom 73 had meningitis and 19 acute epiglottitis, were serotyped and tested for sensitivity to antibacterial drugs. All strains were identified as Haemophilus influezae type b, and were sensitive to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim. However, 3 isolates--from a boy aged 11 months and a girl aged 1 year with meningitis, and a girl aged 2 years with epiglottitis--were highly resistant to tetracycline, with a median minimal inhibitory concentration of 50 mug tetracycline hydrochloride per ml (resistance ratio greater than or equal to 50). Resistance was also demonstrated to doxycycline, oxytetracycline, and rolitetracycline and, in one strain, to minocycline. No evidence was obtained that the resistant organisms were capable of inactivating tetracyclines.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae type B resistant to tetracycline isolated from children with meningitis. 5 73

Three serological methods, radioimmunoassay (RIA), latex agglutination (LX), and counter-current immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP), for sensitivity in the detection of the capsular polysaccharide antigen of Haemophilus influenzae type b or Neisseria meningitidis groups A and C were compared. RIA was consistently the most sensitive, LX the next, and CIEP the least sensitive. When RIA and LX were used to test cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of patients with meningitis, they gave very similar results. In only two out of 47 samples, in which RIA detected one of the three antigens, was the amount of the specific polysaccharide too low to be detected by LX. By the serological methods we could detect evidence of specific pathogen in 49 samples, including nine from patients who had received intensive antimicrobial treatment for up to three days and from whom specimens yielded no bacteria on culture. The reactions were specific in all cases except two out of 47 tests positive by LX. From these two CSF samples N. meningitidis group B could be cultivated, whereas the LX was recorded positive for N. meningitidis of group A in one case, and of group C in the other. The nonspecific reactions could be due to antibodies to bacterial components other than the capsular polysaccharide.
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PMID:Comparison of counter-current immunoelectrophoresis, latex agglutination, and radioimmunoassay in detection of soluble capsular polysaccharide antigens of Haemophilus influenzae type b and Neisseria meningitidis of groups A or C. 8 36


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