Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Through careful follow-up of a cohort, born March to August 1994, we have recorded the highest ever primary immunisation uptake figures for the Dublin area, with completed uptake for Diphtheria, Tetanus and Oral Polio of 92.1%, Haemophilus influenzae type b of 88.7%, Pertussis of 85.7% and Measles/Mumps/Rubella of 78.1%. Eastern Health Board uptake estimates for the same period are 8.1-21.4% lower. We believe the rigour of our data gathering explains this discrepancy. Evidence is reviewed in support of the hypothesis that Eastern Health Board databases underestimate true immunisation uptake.
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PMID:Apparent low immunisation uptake in Dublin: under-performance or under-recording? 1113 57

The adverse effects of vaccines include local reactions and systemic symptoms or illnesses. Local reactions are frequent, most often presenting as transient pain, redness, edema and/or nodule. Fever of short duration is the main systemic symptom, generally occurring within 24-48 hours following vaccination. Some vaccines have recognized specific adverse effects such as thrombocytopenic purpura for the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, and febrile convulsions for the pertussis vaccine. Hepatitis B vaccine and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine have been respectively suspected to be responsible for neurological demyelinating disease and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, but large-scale epidemiological studies have failed to confirm these allegations.
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PMID:[Secondary effects of vaccinations]. 1127 Feb 59

In March 1999 armed conflict broke out in Kosova and about 900,000 ethnic Albanians were displaced. We reviewed the health care offered to the 945 Kosovan refugees who arrived in Ireland in 1999, which included screening for tuberculosis (TB) and hepatitis B. On arrival in Ireland 540 refugees had already received oral polio vaccine (57%), 512 diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis or diphtheria and tetanus vaccine (54%), 310 BCG (33%), 207 measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (22%) and 60 Haemophilus influenzae type b (6%). Twelve refugees were diagnosed with TB. Twenty-six refugees were HBsAg positive (3%) and 168 were anti-HBcAg positive (18%). Organised screening of Kosovan refugees on a voluntary basis (uptake > 95%) revealed low percentages who had been immunised and relatively high rates of TB and hepatitis B. The provision of optimum immunisation, screening, and treatment services to address these issues requires substantial staffing and financial resources.
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PMID:Outcome of medical screening of Kosovan refugees in Ireland: 1999. 1128 Feb 62

Administration of vaccines is a continuing challenge. In childhood immunizations, many of the goals for national coverage rates by 2000 were achieved and the goal of annual influenza immunization for adults 65 years of age and older was reached. These successes in childhood immunization rates have led to record low numbers of cases of many vaccine-preventable diseases, such as measles and Haemophilus influenzae, type b invasive disease. These diseases will recur, however, as evidenced by the measles epidemic of 1989-1991, if high immunization coverage is not maintained. The development of immunization delivery systems to sustain these high rates in young children is essential to ensure that the 11,000 infants born each day in the United States receive all recommended vaccines, as noted in the recent NVAC report on strategies to sustain success in childhood immunization. For adults, the total economic burden of treating these vaccine-preventable diseases is estimated to exceed $10 billion each year, reflecting in part widespread underuse of vaccines in adults and resulting missed opportunities to prevent diseases such as influenza and pneumococcal infection. The development of standards for immunization practices in children and adults has been an important component in meeting these challenges and ensuring appropriate delivery of vaccines. Periodic review and updating is necessary and revision of the standards for adults by the NCAI and NVAC, pediatric standards, and those of the IDSA currently are undergoing revision. Most importantly, however, standards for immunization practices should be promulgated widely to all health care professionals to ensure that all segments of the population benefit from the availability of highly effective and safe vaccines.
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PMID:Standards for immunization practice for vaccines in children and adults. 1130 25

Private practice physicians in New York City's poorest neighborhoods are typically foreign trained, have generally substandard clinical practices, and have been accused of rushing Medicaid patients through to turn a profit. However, they also represent a sizable share of physician capacity in medically underserved neighborhoods. This article documents the level of credentials, systems, and immunization-related procedures among these physicians. Furthermore, it assesses the relationship between such characteristics and childhood immunization rates. The analysis utilizes a cross-sectional comparison of immunization rates in 60 private practices that submitted 2,500 or more Medicaid claims for children. Immunization data were gathered from medical records for 2,948 randomly selected children under 3 years of age. Half of sampled physicians were board certified (55%), and half were accepted by the Medicaid Preferred Physicians and Children (PPAC) program (51.7%). Of physicians, 43% saw patients only on a walk-in basis, while only 17% scheduled the next appointment while the patient was still in the office. There were 75% of the physicians who reported usually immunizing at acute care visits. Immunization rates were higher among PPAC physicians compared to others (41% vs. 29% up to date for diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis [DTP]/Haemophilus influenzae type b [Hib], polio, and measles-mumps-rubella [MMR], P = .01), and board-certified physicians showed a trend toward better immunization rates (39% vs. 30%, P =.07). Physicians who reported usually immunizing at acute care visits also had higher rates than those who did not (38% vs. 27%, P = .05). Scheduling a date and time for the next immunization showed a trend toward association with immunization coverage (37% vs. 28%, P= .10). Private practice physicians who provide high volumes of care reimbursed by Medicaid have improved their credentials and affiliations over time, thereby expanding reimbursement options. Credentials and affiliations were at least as effective in distinguishing relatively high- and low-performing physicians, as were immunization-related practices, suggesting that they are useful markers for higher quality care. The relative success of the PPAC program should inform efforts to improve the capacity and quality of primary care for vulnerable children. Appointment and reminder systems that effectively manage the flow of children back into the office for immunizations and the vigilant use of acute care visits for immunizations go hand in hand. Opportunity exists for payers and plans to encourage and support these actions.
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PMID:Physician credentials and practices associated with childhood immunization rates: private practice pediatricians serving poor children in New York City. 1136 91

Damage to local and systemic host defenses of the lung makes the immunocompromised patient vulnerable to inhaled microorganisms. When a pulmonary infiltrate occurs, the array of possibilities is very large including conventional and opportunistic agents. The type of underlying disease and its associated immunodeficiency allow a high degree of accurate pathogen prediction. Neutropenia is associated with Gram-negative bacilli pneumonia. Prolonged neutropenia increases the risk of invasive aspergillosis and other unusual mycotic agents. Cellular immunodeficiency is associated with intracellular microorganisms including Mycobacteria spp., Nocardia spp., Legionella spp., Rhodococcus equi, cytomegalovirus, Strongyloides stercoralis, Toxoplasma gondii, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides spp., Cryptococcus neoformans and Pneumocystis carinii, parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii and Strongyloides stercoralis, and virus such as cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex or zoster, adenovirus, respiratory syncitial virus and measles. Humoral immunodeficiency predisposes to infection with encapsulated pathogens such as S. pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Chest computerized tomography scan and bronchoalveolar lavage are essential procedures for diagnosis. However, despite continuous progress in diagnostic methods, the specific etiology remains often unknown. Successful treatment depends on the type of pathogen, status of host defences and early adequate choice of antibiotic. Enhancement of host defences with growth factors and cytokines may decrease the incidence and improve the final outcome of respiratory infections in the immunocompromised host.
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PMID:[Respiratory infections during chemotherapy-induced aplasia]. 1142 9

Immunizations in man may act upon the infectious diseases development in three evolutive patterns: eradication, elimination, or disease control. Since the eradication of smallpox, very few diseases are at present candidates for a next eradication; poliomyelitis will be the first, perhaps followed by measles in many years. In spite of efficacious vaccines and a solely human reservoir, the eradication requires very strict conditions. However some diseases have been recently successfully eliminated: poliomyelitis (Americas, Europe, West Pacific regions), measles (i.e. Finland, United States), rubella (i.e. Finland). In spite of some limits, diphtheria, pertussis, hepatitis B are well controlled providing to get a sufficient vaccine coverage and to improve a sustained surveillance of those diseases. Regarding Haemophilus influenzae b, infections it is premature to predict a near elimination and the control is not yet well defined. National and regional programs have often to improve immunisation coverage and a better surveillance.
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PMID:[Eradication of infectious diseases and vaccination]. 1150 63

The WHO Vaccine Trial Registry prospectively registers clinical vaccine studies supported by WHO. Through December 1999, the registry includes 103 studies from 43 countries, with nearly 80% in developing countries. The registry documents an expanding research capacity, with an average of 3.9 new studies per year during 1987-1993, rising to 10.7 per year during 1994-2000. The studies concern a broad spectrum of infectious organisms, including: Clostridium tetani (tetanus), dengue virus, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), hepatitis B virus, measles virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus), poliovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rotavirus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), and Vibrio cholerae.
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PMID:The WHO Vaccine Trial Registry. 1156 43

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has identified immunization as the most important public health advance of the 20th century. The purpose of this article is to review the changes that have taken place in active immunization in the United States over the past decade. Since 1990, new vaccines have become available to prevent five infectious diseases: varicella, rotavirus, hepatitis A, Lyme disease, and Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Improved vaccines have been developed to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b, pneumococcus, pertussis, rabies, and typhoid infections. Immunization strategies for the prevention of hepatitis B, measles, meningococcal infections, and poliomyelitis have changed as a result of the changing epidemiology of these diseases. Combination vaccines are being developed to facilitate the delivery of multiple antigens, and improved vaccines are under development for cholera, influenza, and meningococcal disease. Major advances in molecular biology have enabled scientists to devise new approaches to the development of vaccines against diseases ranging from respiratory viral to enteric bacterial infections that continue to plague the world's population.
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PMID:Active immunization in the United States: developments over the past decade. 1158 89

The EUVAC-NET network is in charge of the epidemiological surveillance and control of vaccine preventable diseases. It is coordinated by the SSI in Denmark, in collaboration with the ISS in Italy. The two main diseases targeted by the network are measles and pertussis. A collaboration is planned with the PHLS for the monitoring of Haemophilus influenzae b. EUVAC-NET includes the Member States of the European Union, and Iceland, Norway and Switzerland.
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PMID:The EUVAC-NET project: creation and operation of a surveillance community network for vaccine preventable infectious diseases. 1167 36


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