Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

New vaccine developments will reflect achievements of the World Health Organization's (WHO) Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), as well as resistance from the public toward increasing numbers of vaccines. WHO's EPI program has concentrated on tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, and measles. 35 countries are attempting to control hepatitis B with universal vaccination. Now some countries are also recommending vaccination against Haemophilus influenza, mumps, and rubella. The complexity of multiple injections has prompted new research on acellular vaccines for pertussis, hepatitis A and B, varicella, and malaria. Combined vaccines and new adjuvants are also targets of intense research. Vaccines are a priority, because they are among the most cost-effective of medical interventions.
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PMID:New developments in vaccinology. 163 65

During the period April 1985 to November 1986 (18 months), 196 children (of age greater than 1 month) admitted to the Children's Emergency Hospital in Khartoum, Sudan, with clinical suspicion of meningitis/meningoencephalitis were followed up prospectively. Bacterial meningitis was diagnosed by culture, direct microscopy and/or antigen-detecting assays (co-agglutination and enzyme immunoassay) in 44 infants (25 Haemophilus influenzae type b, 8 Neisseria meningitidis, 7 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 3 enterobacteria and one mixed infection), aseptic meningitis in 52, cerebral malaria in 4 and febrile convulsions in 96. The majority of cases of bacterial meningitis were boys and 57% of those in whom H. influenzae was the commonest isolate were less than 1 year old. The presenting signs and symptoms are described as well as the transient and permanent short-term sequelae. The total mortality from bacterial meningitis was 19%, permanent neurological sequelae were seen in 26% of survivors. Prospective follow-up, including audiometry, of 35 children 1-2 months after discharge showed that 11% had hemiplegia and 20% had hearing impairment. The potential impact of vaccination against invasive H. influenzae infections is discussed.
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PMID:Endemic bacterial meningitis in Sudanese children: aetiology, clinical findings, treatment and short-term outcome. 169 86

A prospective study using a Latex particle agglutination test for the detection of bacterial antigens in CSF has been carried out in 91 patients in Kamuzu Central Hospital, Malawi. The antigens sought were those of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae b, Neisseria meningitidis B/E. coli K1, and Neisseria meningitidis A,C,Y,W 135. Forty-one patients had proven bacterial meningitis, two had tuberculous meningitis, 39 had cerebral malaria, four had aseptic meningitis and five had convulsions. The sensitivity and specificity of the tests (Str. pneumoniae, 88% and 100%, H. influenzae b, 87% and 96%; N. meningitidis A,C,Y,W 135, 100% and 100%; and N. meningitidis B, 100% and 98%) were as good as those reported from developed countries. Unlike in some other parts of Africa, group B meningococci seem to predominate in cases of meningococcal meningitis in Malawi.
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PMID:Latex particle agglutination tests as an adjunct to the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis: a study from Malawi. 248 30

In a 3-year prospective study of 9584 consecutive paediatric admissions to the Royal Victoria Hospital in Banjul, The Gambia, we examined the impact of seasonal variations in childhood diseases. The four principal diseases (falciparum malaria, pneumonia, gastro-enteritis and malnutrition) all peaked in September to October following the rainy season. The mortality rate was also higher in the rainy season than in the dry season. Of the 1525 children with cerebral malaria, 83% were admitted during the extended rainy season from July to December. With the emergence of chloroquine-resistant malaria over the 3 years, there was a 27% annual increase in severe anaemia owing to malaria. The median age of malarial anaemia (23 months) was significantly younger than that of cerebral malaria (42 months). Malnutrition peaked immediately following the annual rainy season epidemics of bacterial gastro-enteritis but was not associated with the cool dry season rotavirus outbreaks. Rainy season diarrhoea was also associated with more persistent diarrhoea, an older mean age and a higher mortality. Meningitis was caused by either pneumococcus or Haemophilus influenzae in 64% of cases, of whom 19% were 0-2 months of age. Causes of death in hospital showed good agreement with Gambian community studies. We conclude that analysis of hospital data in a developing country can give accurate information on childhood morbidity and mortality patterns which can be used to set priorities for health care interventions. Seasonal variation is a cardinal feature of paediatric diseases in this part of Africa, and accentuates the vulnerability of children in poor families.
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PMID:Seasonal variation of paediatric diseases in The Gambia, west Africa. 768 9

Between November, 1991, and March, 1993, in Accra, Ghana, physicians admitted 103 children, 2 months to 12 years old, to the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital with suspected bacterial meningitis. They constituted 1.04% of all children presenting at the emergency rooms. Late referral to the hospital was likely responsible for the high case fatality rate within the 1st 24 hours of admission (59.1% of all deaths). 42.7% of all cases presented more than 96 hours after the onset of symptoms. 7 children died immediately after admission, allowing physicians no time to begin antibiotic treatment. The overall case fatality rate was 21.4%. Streptococcus pneumonia was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 53.8% of the early deaths and 55% of all 73 mortality cases from which bacteria were isolated. Leading causative organisms were $. pneumoniae (47.9%), Neisseria meningitides (38.4%), and Hemophilus influenza (9.6%). All bacterial isolates were sensitive to ceftriaxone. 5-17% of all isolates were resistant to penicillin and chloramphenicol. No bacteria were isolated in the CSF of any children within 48 hours of antibiotic treatment. The leading complications and sequelae of the 81 survivors were mild diarrhea (33%), neurological complications (22%), and secondary fever (14.8%). Even though the chloramphenicol/penicillin treatment regimen had the highest survivor outcome results (43%), its results were not significantly different than those of ceftriaxone alone for 48 hours followed by chloramphenicol/penicillin and ceftriaxone alone (24% and 20%, respectively; p =.6). These results suggest that health workers at less than optimum health facilities should administer the 1st dose of ceftriaxone to children suspected of having meningitis before transferring them to a tertiary facility for further management. This should greatly reduce case fatalities and sequelae. Health workers worldwide, even those in malaria endemic areas, should consider meningitis as a significant cause of fever.
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PMID:Bacterial meningitis in children in southern Ghana. 792 39

Two thousand eight hundred ninety-eight children younger than 5 years old were investigated during a 2-year period in a rural area of The Gambia for possible pneumonia, meningitis or septicemia. After clinical examination and appropriate investigations, 1014 children were diagnosed as having pneumonia, 31 as having meningitis and 100 as having septicemia. Nine hundred seven children had a final diagnosis of malaria including 702 who satisfied the World Health Organization criteria for a diagnosis of pneumonia. A bacterial etiology was established in 115 (11%) patients with a final diagnosis of pneumonia, in 25 (81%) with meningitis and in 29 (29%) with suspected septicemia. Overall the pneumococcus was the leading pathogen identified among children with pneumonia and meningitis and ranked third among those with septicemia. However, during the wet season, when malaria transmission was highest, 50% of blood culture isolates obtained from children satisfying the World Health Organization criteria for a diagnosis of pneumonia were Salmonella or coliform species, and the pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae type b accounted for only 43% of isolates. Thus enteric bacteria may be as important as those bacteria more usually associated with respiratory disease among children presenting with a clinical picture of pneumonia during the wet season. This finding has important implications for case management and surveillance for antibiotic resistance.
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PMID:Importance of enteric bacteria as a cause of pneumonia, meningitis and septicemia among children in a rural community in The Gambia, West Africa. 819 May 37

By 1995, measles, mumps, and rubella were eliminated from Finland, acellular vaccines for pertussis were showing great promise, and the global eradication of poliomyelitis by the year 2000 looked possible. The meningococcus was replacing Haemophilus influenzae type b as the main cause of childhood meningitis, and 75 countries were vaccinating their children against hepatitis B. The United States recommended varicella vaccination for children, effective vaccines were available for hepatitis A, and new vaccines for rotavirus and cholera were being tested; malaria and HIV offer a continuing challenge.
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PMID:Update on immunization. 868 May 9

Antimicrobials are frequently used to prevent infections. Principles of prophylaxis, and antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery, tuberculosis, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, influenza A, traveller's diarrhoea, malaria, recurrent otitis media, Haemophilus influenzae type b infection, pertussis, rheumatic fever, and urinary tract infection are described. Various strategies to improve the prophylactic use of antibiotics are discussed. Collaborative efforts among health care disciplines are needed to assure optimal antimicrobial prophylaxis. This should maximize efficacy and minimize adverse effects, the development of bacterial resistance and associated costs.
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PMID:Guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis. 893

A questionnaire was sent to 160 hospital doctors and 200 general practitioners about post-splenectomy prophylaxis during the month of September 1995. A total of 118 questionnaires were returned (43% hospital doctors and 25% GPs). Most doctors (99%) knew that splenectomised patients were at risk of pneumococcal infection; 72% of hospital doctors and 50% of GPs knew of the risk of Haemophilus influenza infection but only 50% of hospital doctors and 33% of GPs knew of the same risks involving meningococcal infection and malaria. Half of the GPs were not aware of H. influenzae type B (Hib) vaccine for prophylaxis and 85% of these and 50% of hospital doctors did not know prophylaxis should be lifelong. There was no significant difference in the knowledge between hospital doctors and GPs.
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PMID:Doctors' knowledge of post-splenectomy prophylaxis. 948 61

Our objectives were to determine aetiology and localisation of infection in sickle cell anaemia patients. The origin of fever was malaria in 47% of cases, 50% of bacterial infections and 3% of viral infections. Respiratory infections were concerned in 61% of cases, versus 24% of osteomyelitis. Salmonella were found in 37%, Haemophilus (16%), Staphylococcus (14%), Streptococcus (10%) and Pneumococcus (9%). We found more bacterial infection in anaemic forms (SS and SFA2) and more bacterial infection anemic forms (SC, SAFA2). In view of these findings, we preconize malaria prophylaxis and vaccination against Salmonella, Haemophilus and Pneumococcus in sickle cell anemia patients.
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PMID:[Infection profile in sickle cell anemia]. 950 66


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