Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a 20-month period, 1,783 children seen in the pediatric outpatient department had blood cultures performed and 117 (6.5%) of these children had bacteremia. Two thirds of the isolates were Diplococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae b. Ninety-three percent of children with H. influenzae b bacteremia and 20% of children with pneumococcal bacteremia had soft tissue involvement at the initial visit. Most children with positive blood cultures (102) were previously well and beyond the newborn period and many (46) had seemingly trivial illnesses initially: upper respiratory tract infection, fever of unknown origin, otitis media, and diarrhea. In the absence of soft tissue infection, the latter three diagnoses correlated best with bloodstream invasion. Nineteen children had persistent bacteremia and five developed soft tissue complications not noted initially. Two factors, age between 7 and 24 months and temperature between 39.4 and 40.6 C, showed increased specificity for bacteremia but were sensitive only for pneumococcal disease. A temperature larger than or equal to 40.5 C showed more specificity for bacteremia than lesser fevers. A white blood cell count greater than 20,000/cu mm was poorly sensitive, and pulmonary infiltrates were neither specific nor sensitive for positive blood cultures. Five bacteremic children had aseptic lymphocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid. Two days of intravenous antibiotic therapy and eight days of oral therapy were adequate for pneumococcal bacteremia without soft tissue involvement. This therapy may not be without soft tissue involvement. This therapy may not be ideal, however, since other routes and duration of therapy were not evaluated.
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PMID:Bacteremia in children: an outpatient clinical review. 93 43

Sixteen bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) were performed in 15 children with HIV1 seropositivity, 12 of them being infected by HIV1. BAL was performed during episodes of acute pneumonitis with respiratory distress (group I: three cases) or without severity (group II: five cases), or in the presence of asymptomatic radiological pulmonary abnormalities (group III: seven cases). A specific diagnosis of infection was obtained in five cases of acute pneumonitis and 12 micro-organisms were identified by BAL: three cytomegaloviruses, three respiratory syncytial viruses, two Pneumocytis carinii, one Haemophilus influenzae, one Herpes simplex virus type 1, one Escherichia coli and one group A streptococcus. In three cases two micro-organisms were simultaneously identified. Cytological examination showed a high proportion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in cases of acute pneumonitis (group II) and alveolar lymphocytosis in clinically asymptomatic children with radiological pulmonary abnormalities (group III). BAL appears to be a reliable tool for the investigation of pulmonary infections in children with HIV1 seropositivity. In addition it has the advantage of revealing latent cytological abnormalities in these patients.
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PMID:[Broncho-alveolar lavage in HIV-1 seropositive children]. 196 41

Interval cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is often performed to assess efficacy of treatment for bacterial meningitis. The authors reviewed 101 cases of pediatric bacterial meningitis resulting from Hemophilus influenzae type b in which analysis of CSF occurred on admission and between 48 and 72 hours after initiation of parenteral antibiotic therapy; of these, only one patient had a positive repeat CSF culture. Of the 100 cases with sterile CSF on repeat culture, there was no instance of recrudescence of infection during hospitalization. The following characterized the interval changes in CSF profile of this group: 100 (100%) with persistence of pleocytosis; 14 (14%) with differential cell count conversion from polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocyte (PMN) predominance to relative lymphocytosis; 96 of 98 (98%) with initial positive Gram-stained smear with negative results for organisms; 53 of 75 (71%) with normalization of initial hypoglycorrhachia; and 10 of 94 (11%) with normalization of initial abnormally elevated protein levels. The differences in mean values of CSF total white blood cell counts, percentage PMNs, and glucose and protein concentrations on presentation and between 48-72 hours of therapy were highly significant (P less than 0.0001). After 48 hours of effective antibiotic therapy for H. influenzae type b meningitis, CSF pleocytosis and abnormally elevated protein concentration are usually preserved, whereas hypoglycorrhachia usually resolves; it is not uncommon for the differential cell count to convert from a PMN predominance to a relative lymphocytosis. Significant alteration in all CSF parameters associated with H. influenzae type b meningitis can occur after 48 hours of effective parenteral antibiotic therapy.
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PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid changes after 48 hours of effective therapy for Hemophilus influenzae type B meningitis. 222 Jun 69

A double blind placebo-controlled efficacy trial of two acellular pertussis vaccines was conducted in 3801 6- to 11-month-old children. Four vaccinated children died during 7 to 9 months follow-up as a result of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis, heroin intoxication with concomitant pneumonia, suspected septicemia, and Neisseria meningitidis Group B septicemia. From the actual death rate in children belonging to the same birth cohort in Sweden that could have been eligible for the trial, one death was expected among vaccinated children. Several investigations were carried out to examine the possibility that the deaths could be causally related to the vaccination. The relative risk for hospitalization due to systemic or respiratory infections was 1.07 (95% confidence interval, 0.95 to 1.20) and 0.83 (95% confidence interval, 0.64 to 1.08) in the vaccine groups as compared with the placebo group. Subsets of the population were studied for signs of immunosuppression. There was no indication of immunoglobulin deficiency or any sign of clinically significant leukopenia or lymphocytosis in vaccine recipients. The results of this analysis provide no evidence for a causal relation between vaccination with the studied acellular pertussis vaccines and altered resistance to invasive disease caused by encapsulated bacteria. The hypothesis that the two variables are related, however, cannot be refuted from these data.
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PMID:Mortality and morbidity from invasive bacterial infections during a clinical trial of acellular pertussis vaccines in Sweden. 305 Aug 58

Cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis (more than 50 percent lymphocytes or mononuclear cells) occurred in 14 of 103 cases of bacteriologically proved acute bacterial meningitis. Patients with cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis accounted for 32 percent (13 of 41) of all patients with bacterial meningitis with a cerebrospinal fluid white blood cell concentration of 1,000/mm3 or less. Cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis was significantly more common in neonates and in those without meningismus, but occurred in all ages and without any clear identifying clinical characteristics. The most common etiologic organisms were Streptococcus pneumonia (five), Neisseria meningitidis (two), and Hemophilus influenzae (two). Cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis is common in acute bacterial meningitis when the cerebrospinal fluid white blood cell concentration is below 1,000/mm3. It is therefore of little value in differentiating bacterial meningitis from viral, fungal, and tuberculous meningitis.
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PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis in acute bacterial meningitis. 402 75

Fifteen cases of Haemophilus influenzae (HI) meningitis in adults occurring of Cleveland during the last 11 years are presented. The majority of patients had factors predisposing to infection such as otitis, pneumonia, diabetes or alcoholism. In addition, 7 of the 15 patients developed meningitis at various intervals following head trauma and neurosurgery, and 3 patients required dural repairs for CSF rhinorrhea. The diagnosis of meningitis may be difficult to establish resulting in delay in appropriate therapy in some cases. Nuchal rigidity was absent frequently; CSF lymphocytosis can be seen initially. The CSF Gram stain may be negative or the pleomorphic nature of the organism on Gram-stain may make distinction from other gram-negative organisms difficult. The majority of patients had meningitis due to non-Type B HI in contrast to previous reports of this illness in children and adults. One of our patients had beta-lactamase producing HI isolated from CSF. We believe that chloramphenicol should be included in the initial empiric therapy for adults with meningitis and gram-negative coccobacillary rods on Gram-stain or negative CSF Gram-stains.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae meningitis: the spectrum of disease in adults. 703 75

We obtained specimens for culture from the lids and conjunctivae of 95 patients with acute conjunctivitis and 91 control children of similar age and, in addition, stained the conjunctival scrapings with Giemsa and Gram stains. The conjunctivitis was attributed to bacterial infection in 76 patients, viral infection in 12 children, and allergy in 2 patients; no cause was identified in the remaining 5 patients. In most cases the etiologic diagnosis was based on the results of laboratory studies. By separately culturing microorganisms in specimens from the lids and conjunctivae of patients and control subjects, we could distinguish normal flora from pathogens, and blepharitis from conjunctivitis. Staphylococci, corynebacteria, and alpha-hemolytic streptococci were the predominant organisms recovered from the lids of control subjects. In contrast, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis were the major pathogens cultured from the conjunctival specimens from patients with bacterial conjunctivitis. Gram stains of conjunctival scrapings provided a rapid means of predicting the pathogen in 51 of 55 cases of bacterial conjunctivitis. Giemsa stains of conjunctival scrapings provided etiologic information in 81 of 84 cases, showing neutrophilia in bacterial infections, lymphocytosis in viral infections, and eosinophilia in allergic disease. These results indicate that most cases of acute conjunctivitis in children can be diagnosed on the basis of differential cultures of microorganisms from the lid and conjunctiva, together with Giemsa stains of conjunctival scrapings.
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PMID:Acute conjunctivitis in childhood. 841 93

To investigate the frequency of unrecognized Bordetella pertussis infections in adults, we performed IgA and IgG ELISA antibody studies with four B. pertussis antigens--i.e., lymphocytosis-promoting factor, filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin, and fimbriae-2--in 51 health care workers from whom six consecutive yearly serum samples (from 1984 to 1989) were available. Overall, 90% of the subjects had a significant increase in antibody (IgA or IgG) to one or more antigens between 2 consecutive years during the 5-year study period; 55% of subjects had evidence of two infections, 17% had three infections, and 4% had four infections. Infections occurred in all study years, with the following rates: 1984-1985, 32%; 1985-1986, 24%; 1986-1987, 40%; 1987-1988, 29%; and 1988-1989, 43% (P = .12). Some antibody rises may have been due to responses to cross-reacting antigens (Bordetella parapertussis, nontypable Haemophilus influenzae), but overall these data suggest that B. pertussis infections in adults are common, endemic, and usually unrecognized.
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PMID:Frequency of unrecognized Bordetella pertussis infections in adults. 852 57