Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Twenty-two premature infants with chronic lung disease (median gestational age 28 weeks) received polyribosylribitol phosphate-outer membrane protein conjugate Haemophilus vaccine at 2 and 4 months of chronologic age. The proportions with antibodies to polyribosylribitol phosphate at levels > 1 microgram/ml after doses 1 and 2 were 27% and 55%; geometric mean titers were 0.43 and 0.73 microgram/ml, significantly lower than values for term infants.
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PMID:Response to Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in chronically ill premature infants. 822 93

Hydatid lung disease due to Echinococcus granulosus in the Canadian northwest and Alaska is often asymptomatic and usually benign. We reviewed the course and outcome of three children with giant hydatid lung cyst seen over a 2-year period. All were North American Indian children aged 9 to 12 years who presented with cough, fever, and chest pain. One had a rash. There was a history of exposure to domestic dogs who had been fed moose entrails in each case. Chest x-rays showed solitary lung cysts with air-fluid levels, from 6 cm to 12 cm in diameter. Aspiration of each cyst demonstrated Echinococcus hooklets and protoscolices. Serology was unhelpful, being negative in two cases. Transient pneumonitis and pneumothorax were seen as complications of needle aspiration. Two cysts gradually resolved over the following 6 months. One child returned after 9 months with a lung abscess due to superimposed infection of the cyst remnant with Haemophilus influenzae, and eventually required lobectomy. The existence of an endemic benign variant of E granulosus in Canada is not widely known, and it is important to distinguish it from the more aggressive pastoral form of the disease seen in immigrants from sheep-rearing countries. The native Canadian disease usually resolves spontaneously, does not cause anaphylaxis, and does not implant daughter cysts if spilled. Surgical treatment should be avoided except for complications such as secondary bacterial infection.
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PMID:Giant hydatid lung cysts in the Canadian northwest: outcome of conservative treatment in three children. 830 79

Infections of the respiratory tract are the leading cause of antibacterial prescribing in both hospital and community practice. The microbial aetiology is diverse in both of these settings and differs in the distribution and virulence of the pathogens. Furthermore, in recent years the antibacterial susceptibility of many of the common pathogens has changed significantly. In particular, penicillin resistance has emerged among pneumococci, while beta-lactamase production among Haemophilus influenzae and many Gram-negative bacilli has led to alterations in first-line therapy options. The fluoroquinolone antibacterials have been used in selected respiratory tract infections, but concerns have remained with regard to their efficacy in infections caused by marginally susceptible organisms, and in particular pneumococcal infections. The availability of a number of quinolones with enhanced Gram-positive activity, which includes Streptococcus pneumoniae, is of considerable interest. In vitro data and preliminary clinical experience with sparfloxacin suggest that managing pneumococcal lung disease with this and future agents is a distinct possibility. One caveat must be considered, and that is the potential for more resistant strains of pneumococci emerging, against which even these new quinolones could prove less effective.
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PMID:The role of new quinolones in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. 854 85

This review focuses on bacterial induction and release of inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules by human bronchial epithelial cells, with special reference to Haemophilus influenzae, a pathogen commonly associated with chronic bronchitis. Studies investigating the mechanisms underlying bacterial colonization of the airways and bacterial-induced chronic airway inflammation have suggested that these are likely to involve localization of bacteria to the site(s) of infection in the respiratory tract and induction of a local airway inflammation resulting in the initiation of epithelial damage. We have hypothesized that the gross airway epithelial damage observed in chronic infective lung disease is an indirect consequence of proteolytic enzymes and toxic oxygen radicals generated by large numbers of neutrophils infiltrating the airways. Furthermore, the infiltration and activation of the neutrophils is a consequence of increased release of proinflammatory mediators from the host respiratory epithelium, induced by bacterial products, such as endotoxin. This hypothesis is based on studies which have demonstrated that the concentrations of circulating cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-8 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), which have profound effects on neutrophil activity, are increased in endotoxaemia and that airway epithelial cells are a rich source of these cytokines. Support for this hypothesis is provided by studies of cultured human bronchial epithelial cells incubated either in the absence or presence of purified endotoxin preparations from nontypable and type b H. influenzae strains which have demonstrated that these endotoxins lead to significantly increased expression and/or release of proinflammatory mediators, including IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Treatment of the cells with steroids can downregulate the expression and/or release of these inflammatory mediators. Additionally, these studies have demonstrated that culture medium collected from endotoxin-treated cultures, 24 h after treatment, significantly increases neutrophil chemotaxis and adhesion to human endothelial cells in vitro.
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PMID:Bacterial-induced release of inflammatory mediators by bronchial epithelial cells. 888 Jan 12

Haemophilus influenzae is a pleomorphic gram-negative bacterium that causes a myriad of infections in both adults and children. The organism frequently causes respiratory infections in patients with obstructive lung disease but may on occasion cause invasive infections including pneumonia with bacteremia. We report the case of a patient with underlying lung disease and metastatic malignancy in whom sepsis related to pneumonia caused by H. influenzae developed.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae sepsis resulting from pneumonia. 901 24

The aim of the study was to define the respiratory morbidity caused by lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (LIP) in children with vertically acquired HIV infection. A retrospective case note review was performed on 95 children attending three London hospitals. Clinical and radiological evidence of LIP, acute lower respiratory tract infections, and chronic lung disease was obtained using a structured protocol. A diagnosis of LIP had been made in 33%, and an acute admission due to acute lower respiratory tract infection had occurred in 42% of all children (despite 99% taking regular cotrimoxazole prophylaxis). Admission rates because of acute lower respiratory tract infection were significantly higher in the LIP group (0.38 admissions/child year) than in the non-LIP group (0.17 admissions/child year) (p = 0.0002). Encapsulated bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae) were most frequently isolated. Improved methods of prevention of acute lower respiratory tract infection may help to reduce the severe respiratory morbidity seen in children with LIP and HIV infection.
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PMID:Respiratory morbidity from lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (LIP) in vertically acquired HIV infection. 916 26

With changes in the demographics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, women and children are becoming the fastest growing group of newly infected patients. With longer survival after HIV infection, more women infected with HIV are becoming pregnant. Pulmonary disease is one of the most common presenting conditions in an AIDS-defining illness. Pneumocystis carini pneumonia and tuberculosis are the most common disorders that herald the onset of AIDS. They are also the most frequently encountered HIV-related pulmonary complications during pregnancy. Others have been rarely reported during pregnancy and include fungal infections (Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Coccidioides immitus), bacterial infections (Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae along with Pseudomona aeruginosa), viral infections (CMV), opportunistic neoplasms (Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma) and miscellaneous conditions peculiar to HIV-infected individuals (nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis, lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis, isolated pulmonary hypertension, and pulmonary edema secondary to cardiac disease or drug abuse). Most of the data regarding the pulmonary complications of HIV infection come from studies in nonpregnant patients. The extent to which pregnancy affects the course of respiratory disease in HIV infection and vice versa is not well documented. Clinical presentation is usually not altered by pregnancy. Except for minor modifications mainly related to potential fetal effects, the diagnostic work-up and management are similar to those in the nonpregnant patient. The most important effect of pregnancy on these conditions remains the delay in diagnosis and treatment. A high index of suspicion should, therefore, be maintained. In addition, most prophylactic measures recommended in nonpregnant HIV-infected individuals also apply to pregnant women.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related pulmonary complications in pregnancy. 929 23

An algorithm capable of identifying short repeat motifs was developed and used to screen the whole genome sequence available for Haemophilus influenzae, since some of these repeats have been shown to affect bacterial virulence. Various di- to hexanucleotide repeats were identified, confirming and extending previous findings on the existence of variable-number-of-tandem-repeat loci (VNTRs). Repeats with units of 7 or 8 nucleotides were not encountered. For all of the 3- to 6-nucleotide repeats in the H. influenzae chromosome, PCR tests capable of detecting allelic polymorphisms were designed. Fourteen of 18 of the potential VNTRs were indeed highly polymorphic when different strains were screened. Two of the potential VNTRs appeared to be short and homogeneous in length; another one may be specific for the H. influenzae Rd strain only. One of the primer sets generated fingerprint-type DNA banding patterns. The various repeat types differed with respect to intrinsic stability as well. It was noted for separate colonies derived from a single clinical specimen or strains passaged for several weeks on chocolate agar plates that the lengths of the VNTRs did not change. When several strains from different patients infected during an outbreak of lung disease were analyzed, increased but limited variation was encountered in all VNTR sites analyzed. One of the 5-nucleotide VNTRs proved to be hypervariable. This variability may reflect the molecular basis of a mechanism used by H. influenzae bacteria to successfully colonize and infect different human individuals.
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PMID:Variable number of tandem repeats in clinical strains of Haemophilus influenzae. 939 91

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a common genetic disease for which the gene was identified within the last decade. Pulmonary disease predominates in this ultimately fatal disease and current therapy only slows the progression. CF transmembrane regulator (CFTR), the gene product, is an integral membrane glycoprotein that normally functions as a chloride channel in epithelial cells. The most common mutation, deltaF508, results in mislocalization and altered glycosylation of CFTR. Altered fucosylation and sialylation are hallmarks of both membrane and secreted glycoproteins in CF and the focus here is on these investigations. Oligosaccharides from CF membrane glycoproteins have the Lewis x, selectin ligand in terminal positions. In addition, two major bacterial pathogens in CF, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Haemophilus influenzae, have binding proteins, which recognize fucose in alpha1,3 linkage and asialoglycoconjugates. We speculate that the altered terminal glycosylation of airway epithelial glycoproteins in CF contributes to the chronic infection and robust inflammatory response in the CF lung. Understanding the effects of mutant CFTR on glycosylation may provide further insight into the regulation of glycoconjugate processing as well as therapy for CF.
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PMID:Terminal glycosylation in cystic fibrosis. 1057 Oct 16

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a severe disorder, whose main characteristics are, in addition to congenital absence of the vas deferens (CAVD), progressive lung disease, pancreatic insufficiency and elevated sweat chloride levels; CAVD without any other manifest clinical evidence is commonly suggested to be a form of CF with primarily genital expression. We undertook this study to test the hypothesis that men with a CAVD phenotype could be more CF-like than it is usually assumed. Each subject from a population of 42 patients suffering from CAVD was screened for a panel of 16 mutations plus the intron 8 5-thymidine allele of the CF gene (5T), and underwent a thorough clinical evaluation which included a detailed anamnesis, anthropometric data, chest and paranasal sinuses X-rays, pulmonary function tests, sputum cultures, stool chymotrypsin determination, sweat test and, in a limited number of patients, Nasal Potential Difference (NPD) measurement. The genotype analysis detected one compound heterozygote, 23 heterozygotes and 15 individuals carrying the 5T allele; sweat chloride was positive in six, borderline in 11 and negative in 25 subjects; NPD was abnormal in 2/12 patients. Medical history and clinical examination were consistent with respiratory disease in 20 cases; there was radiological evidence of pulmonary hyperinflation in 37/39 and of sinus disease in 20/42 patients; Staphylococcus aureus was cultivated in the sputum of 9/36, Haemophilus influentiae in 3/36 subjects and three patients showed functional evidence of airway obstruction. These findings were equally distributed among sweat positive, borderline and negative patients. These results raise questions about the supposed benignancy of the CAVD condition. A close follow-up of men with CAVD could ascertain potential complications.
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PMID:Evidence of mild respiratory disease in men with congenital absence of the vas deferens. 1065 48


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