Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Subjects prone to recurrent acute bronchitis were admitted to a six-month double-blind clinical study, in which the value of oral immunization with a preparation of killed Haemophilus influenzae was tested. Most subjects had early smoking-related chronic lung disease, unrecognized by either the patient or his/her doctor. Subjects taking the active agent had a 41% reduction in the total number of episodes of acute bronchitis (P = 0.16), a 60% reduction in the number of episodes of acute wheezy bronchitis (P = 0.02) and a 58% reduction in antibiotic use (P = 0.07). The power of analysis was restricted by the small study group. Parameters of episode severity favoured the test group, suggesting that individual episodes of acute bronchitis in subjects taking an oral preparation of killed H. influenzae were less severe than in those taking placebo tablets. Oral immunization with H. influenzae selectively reduced the increase in colonization of the oropharynx with H. influenzae which occurred in the group taking placebo. This is the first demonstration that the common mucosal system can be activated to modify a colonization pattern at a distant site.
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PMID:Protection against recurrent acute bronchitis after oral immunization with killed Haemophilus influenzae. 218 30

The organisms responsible for nosocomial pneumonia are continuously evolving. Gram-negative bacilli have become the most common etiologic agents over the past 20 years, and with this evolution has come a better understanding of the pathogenesis of gram-negative bacillary pneumonia. Some gram-positive cocci, such as enterococci, group B beta hemolytic streptococci and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, haven taken on new significance in nosocomial respiratory infections. Streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and Branhamella catarrhalis are increasingly reported in hospitalized patients with chronic lung disease. Etiologic agents will change as new antibiotics are introduced. A better understanding of etiologic agents and their pathogens may be the best tool toward preventing hospital-acquired pneumonia.
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PMID:Emerging pathogens in nosocomial pneumonia. 249 44

Branhamella catarrhalis is a Neisseriae-like organism that is the newest member of the family of pneumonic pathogens. The organism is seasonal, encountered only during the respiratory disease season. The majority of patients with pneumonia (80% to 90%) have underlying chronic pulmonary disease, and their clinical illness may be difficult to distinguish from exacerbations of lung disease by other causes. B catarrhalis is the most common bacterial pathogen in this setting after Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The organism is easy to identify in the laboratory, with a quality gram stain of sputum being the key to recognition. Most patients show patchy non-cavitary infiltrates on chest roentgenograms. Because 75% of isolates produce beta lactamase, empiric therapy with penicillin or amoxicillin is likely to fail. Recommended drugs include erythromycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (Augmentin), or one of the newer broad spectrum cephalosporins.
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PMID:Pneumonia due to Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis. 249 50

The efficacy of cefonicid and of ceftriaxone, administered once daily for the treatment of lower respiratory tract bacterial infections (pneumonia or bronchitis), was evaluated and compared in 118 patients with chronic lung disease. The patients were randomly assigned to receive 1 gm of either drug, intravenously or intramuscularly, daily for three to 11 days (mean, seven days). Pathogenic bacteria were isolated from sputum in 59% of patients; Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae predominated. Clinical cure or improvement was noted in 95% and 93% of patients treated with cefonicid and ceftriaxone, respectively, and bacteriologic cure or improvement in 69% and 81% (the differences were not significant). Side effects were infrequent and similar in the two treatment groups, except that diarrhea was more common in the ceftriaxone group (11%, versus 4.4% in the cefonicid group). It is concluded that patients with chronic lung disease who experience acute exacerbations associated with infection caused by H influenzae or S pneumoniae, or other susceptible organisms, can be effectively treated with once-daily administration of either cefonicid or ceftriaxone.
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PMID:Comparison of once-daily cephalosporin regimens for community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections in patients with chronic lung disease. 266 60

Ninety-one patients with community-acquired lower respiratory infections were treated orally in a comparative 10-day trial of ofloxacin versus amoxicillin or erythromycin. Approximately one-half of the patients had no major underlying disease and the other half had some form of chronic lung disease. Pneumonia was present in 31 percent of the patients and the remainder had purulent bronchitis. Bacterial pathogens were recovered from 60 percent of the patients, with Haemophilus influenzae (33 isolates) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (16 isolates) being the most common. Ofloxacin was found to be a safe, well-tolerated therapeutic agent, which was as effective clinically as amoxicillin or erythromycin and with an advantage of less frequent administration. Ofloxacin was more effective than amoxicillin (90 percent versus 75 percent; p = 0.05) in elimination of pathogenic bacteria from lower airway cultures. Caution should be exercised in the use of ofloxacin, at least in short-term treatment regimens, with anaerobic pulmonary infections; additional information is needed for S. pneumoniae given the relatively high minimal inhibitory concentrations for this species.
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PMID:Ofloxacin in community-acquired lower respiratory infections. A comparison with amoxicillin or erythromycin. 269 Jun 20

In a one-year prospective study of 106 adults (mean age, 60 years) who were admitted to hospital with community-acquired pneumonia, an aetiological diagnosis was made in 82 (77%) patients. Streptococcus pneumoniae was considered to be responsible for 44 (42%) and respiratory viruses for 19 (18%) infections. Other aetiological agents that were found in a smaller number of patients included Haemophilus influenzae (9% of patients), enteric Gram-negative bacilli (8% of patients), Staphylococcus aureus (3% of patients), Legionella spp. (3% of patients), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (3% of patients), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (8% of patients) and Chlamydia psittaci (5% of patients). The mortality was 10% and was related significantly to increasing age and to coexisting heart and lung disease. Antibiotic treatment that was commenced before admission to hospital and investigations were undertaken reduced significantly the isolation rate of susceptible bacterial pathogens. The Gram-stained smear of sputum was valuable in establishing a tentative diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia. The most-useful tests in making an early diagnosis proved to be those which detected pneumococcal and mycoplasmal antigens, blood cultures and culture of sputum for appropriate bacterial pathogens.
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PMID:A prospective hospital study of the aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia. 273 13

Three generations of relatives of 58-year-old nonidentical twins with chronic bronchitis and fibrotic lung disease were evaluated. Sera of 23 family members, 14 with a history of excessive sinopulmonary infections, were examined for deficiencies of immunoglobulin classes, IgG subclasses, and specific antibody to tetanus toxoid and Hemophilus influenzae type b. Of 14 symptomatic family members, 12 had serum IgE concentrations less than 5 IU/ml. Four had values less than 1 IU/ml. Serum IgE was greater than 10 IU/ml in all nine asymptomatic individuals. Inheritance of low IgE appeared to be autosomal dominant, with variable penetrance. IgA was low normal (70-90 mg/dl) in three individuals. Two of these were IgE deficient. One symptomatic child had unmeasurable IgG2 (less than 10 mg/dl) and IgE (less than 0.5 IU/ml). This kindred demonstrates that IgE deficiency can be familial, and associated with sinopulmonary disease.
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PMID:Familial IgE deficiency associated with sinopulmonary disease. 276 11

Twenty-nine intubated pediatric patients were prospectively studied to determine whether nontypable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) is associated with the development of nosocomial pneumonia. Throat cultures and tracheal Gram stains, leukocyte counts and cultures were obtained immediately following intubation, then serial studies on tracheal secretions were performed. Median patient age was 13 months. One patient had preexisting lung disease and 14 (48%) had pneumonia when intubated. There were five deaths. NTHI was recovered from the initial throat or tracheal culture in seven patients (24%); none developed a nosocomial lower respiratory tract infection. NTHI was not associated with any of three cases of nosocomial pneumonia. Three of 12 NTHI isolates were beta-lactamase producers. Tracheal leukocyte counts and Gram stains were not predictive of pneumonia, either at the time of intubation or subsequently. We conclude that NTHI in the oropharynx or trachea is not predictive of pneumonia among intubated pediatric patients.
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PMID:Nontypable Haemophilus influenzae nosocomial pulmonary infections in children following intubation. 278 72

Cefepime, an aminothiazolyl cephalosporin active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, was used at a dose of 1 g every 12 hours to treat respiratory and other infections in 29 patients. All 19 patients from whom an organism was cultured responded clinically and microbiologically. The patients had underlying risk factors of human immune virus positive status, 58%, and chronic lung disease, 19%. Cefepime was well tolerated. Organisms eradicated included Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Further study will define cefepime's role in hospital-acquired respiratory infection.
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PMID:The use of cefepime (BMY 28142) to treat respiratory infections. 279 88

Recent findings suggest that bacteria might contribute to histamine concentrations in the sputum of patients with infective lung disease. Ten isolates of Haemophilus influenzae from patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, together with two reference strains, were incubated at 37 degrees C for 72 hours. Serial estimations of histamine concentrations by high pressure liquid chromatography showed significant increases at 24 and 48 hours; no increases were evident in the control samples. These findings suggest that H influenzae might contribute to inflammation and limited airflow in infective lung disease by producing histamine.
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PMID:Synthesis of histamine by Haemophilus influenzae. 308 10


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