Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During November 1990-October 1992 in Banjul, Gambia, providers at a hospital enrolled 159 children with pneumonia and 119 children without pneumonia, 119 well-nourished children with pneumonia, and 52 well-nourished children without pneumonia into a study examining the bacteriologic and virologic etiology of pneumonia. Pneumonia was more common among children with marasmic kwashiorkor (12% of all malnourished children) than among other malnourished children (53% vs. 33%; p 0.05). Most malnourished children (49%) were undernourished. 11% of all malnourished children had kwashiorkor. Laboratory personnel isolated bacteria from 28 (18%) malnourished children with pneumonia, 42 (35%) well-nourished children with pneumonia, and 5 (4%) malnourished children without pneumonia. Among all pneumonia cases, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were the most prevalent bacteria, especially among the well-nourished children (33% vs. 11%; p 0.001). They were not present in malnourished children without pneumonia. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated in 5 malnourished children with pneumonia. Pathogenic viruses were isolated more often from malnourished children with pneumonia and from well-nourished children with pneumonia than from children without pneumonia (35% and 40%, respectively, vs. 25%; p 0.01). Most common pathogenic viruses were adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). RSV was more common in well-nourished children with pneumonia than malnourished children with pneumonia (13% vs. 6%; p 0.05). Herpes simplex virus was more common in malnourished children with pneumonia than well-nourished children (6% vs. 2%). 25 children had both bacterial and viral pathogens. Only 4 children (all with pneumonia) had the measles virus. These findings suggest that S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae are probably the bacterial causes of pneumonia in both well-nourished and malnourished children in areas with rare cases of measles and kwashiorkor. In these areas, M. tuberculosis may be also a cause of pneumonia in malnourished children, especially if edema is present.
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PMID:The etiology of pneumonia in malnourished and well-nourished Gambian children. 858 32

Infections due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria, especially gram-negative bacteria, are a common cause of child mortality in Papua New Guinea. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria include the enteric gram-negative bacilli, especially Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Enterobacter, and Haemophilus influenzae type b, a major respiratory tract pathogen and cause of meningitis. Among these bacteria there is now high-level resistance to standard antibiotics, including chloramphenicol, amoxycillin and cotrimoxazole. Reasons behind the increase in antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections are the widespread unregulated use of antibiotics and the very large burden of bacterial infections. Risk factors for development of resistant enteric gram-negative infections include village births, prolonged hospital stay, kwashiorkor in adopted children and previous treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Cost-effective strategies to combat these pathogens will need to be broad and must focus on reducing the use of antibiotics for trivial illnesses, reducing the need to use antibiotics and reducing the risk factors for resistant bacterial sepsis. There must be stricter regulation of commercial pharmacies, education of health workers on how to avoid inappropriate antibiotic prescribing, a focus on the prevention of pneumonia by immunization with new vaccines, improvements in the quality and uptake of formal maternal care services and public health measures within villages. In addition there is a need for better surveillance for antibiotic-resistant bacteria within hospitals; this will require substantial improvements in laboratory facilities and carefully planned research collaboration. A national committee should be established to advise on these matters and coordinate interventions.
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PMID:Antibiotic-resistant bacterial sepsis in Papua New Guinea. 1140 23