Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Respiratory infection may aggravate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Viral respiratory infections may aggravate asthma, particularly in young individuals. Respiratory Syncytial virus and Rhinovirus dominate in children while, in adults, Influenza or Rhinovirus infections are most frequently concerned. Viral respiratory infections may also cause exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Bacteria and their products scarcely play any part in asthmatic disease but may possibly aggravate chronic bronchitis and other forms of obstructive respiratory disease. In particular, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae and bacterial endotoxin appear to be of significance. The mechanisms of the effects of viruses have several points of attack: Destruction of epithelium, release of mediators, potentiation of mediator-release and reduced beta-adrenergic function. Bacteria and their products may, similarly, cause bronchoconstriction and may, in vitro, release mediators and potentiate release of mediators.
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PMID:[Respiratory tract infection and acute deterioration of obstructive lung disease]. 204 39

Sore throats are most commonly due to infections, many of which are viral and do not require specific treatment. Symptoms and signs of the common cold, influenza or croup, the occurrence of conjunctivitis in some adenoviral infections, generalised lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly in glandular fever or the presence of vesicles characteristic of herpangina (Coxsackie A virus) or of herpes simplex infection, occasionally enable a clinical diagnosis and avoid the need for antibiotic therapy. In the case of treatable conditions a typical membrane may suggest diphtheria, a scarlatiniform rash infection due to Streptococcus pyogenes or to Corynebacterium haemolyticum, and a cherry-red epiglottis Haemophilus influenzae type b. Associated atypical pneumonia suggests infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Chlamydia pneumoniae. Pharyngitis due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae may be accompanied by infection at other sites or by other sexually transmitted diseases. Candidal infection, in the appropriate clinical circumstance, should suggest HIV infection. Surgical drainage is required in the case of peritonsillar or retropharyngeal abscess. Noninfectious cases of sore throat, e.g. thyroiditis, are relatively uncommon considerations in the differential diagnosis of acute febrile pharyngitis. The most common problem is to recognise streptococcal pharyngitis, which requires antibiotic treatment for 10 days to avoid the risk of rheumatic fever.
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PMID:The sore throat. When to investigate and when to prescribe. 207

A study of the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of nine pathogens isolated from bronchopulmonary infections was made using the disc diffusion method. Erythromycin, carbenicillin and chloramphenicol were in that sequence the drugs most effective against the Gram-positive cocci, followed by ampicillin to which however, 56% of the strains of staphylococcus aureus tested showed resistance. More than 95% of the strains of Haemophilus influenza were very susceptible to carbenicillin and chloramphenicol while over 70% were sensitive to ampicillin, penicillin G, and erythromycin. All strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa tested were sensitive to carbenicillin and gentamicin. Klebsiella pneumoniae was moderately sensitive to tetracycline, carbenicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin and septrin (co-trimoxazole). Sixty-seven percent of Escherichia coli were sensitive to septrin while 50% were susceptible to chloramphenicol, erythromycin and ampicillin. In general there was evidence that tetracycline, septrin, penicillin G, streptomycin and orbenin had become less effective against most of the respiratory tract pathogens. The study shows the necessity for the early identification of the aetiologic agents and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns so as to reduce the degree of wasteful polypharmacy or the development of high resistance rates in hospitals and their environments.
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PMID:In-vitro susceptibility patterns of some major respiratory tract pathogens in Nigeria to eleven selected antibiotics. 208 3

During the period from February 1988 to April 1990, 214 sputum samples from COPD patients with bronchopulmonary infection were quantitatively cultured. 17 strains were identified as Branhamella catarrhalis, being present in 7.9% of all sputum cultures and 11.0% of those positive for a pathogen (Quantity = 10(10)/L of Isolated Organism). Half of B. catarrhalis infection was isolated in mixed with other pathogens. Haemophilus influenza was the most frequently associated pathogen. The second was H. influenza plus Streptococcus pneumoniae. Of 17 B. catarrhalis, 2 strains were positive for beta-lactamase. The incidence of B. catarrhalis infection varied with the seasons, being prevalent in late winter and early spring. Many factors contributed to the pathogenicity of B. catarrhalis, such as the rapid increase of positive beta-lactamase strains and the change of seasons. The result showed that B. catarrhalis was the fourth frequent pathogen in COPD patients accompanied with bronchopulmonary infection. Most of the strains were resistant to penicillin, and beta-lactamase strains were discovered. Therefore, B. catarrhalis should be as a potential pathogen to be identified in sputum. A suitable method was recommended to identified B. catarrhalis.
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PMID:[Bronchopulmonary infection due to Branhamella catarrhalis in patients with obstructive lung disease]. 212 16

We devised an in vitro model to examine the effects of Conray 60 contrast dye on microorganisms commonly found in septic arthritis. Using 42 culture plates in aerobic and anaerobic environments, we found no adverse effect on bacterial growth using 30, 7.5, 3.75, and 1.875% concentrations of Conray 60 contrast dye on cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, Hemophilus influenza, and Streptococcus pneumonia.
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PMID:The effects of contrast dye on bacterial growth: an in vitro model. 217 13

Approximately 4% of recipients of solid organ transplants in the United States develop bacterial pneumonia in the posttransplant period, often in the first 3 months following transplantation. The incidence of bacterial pneumonia is highest in recipients of heartlung (22%) and liver transplants (17%), intermediate in recipients of heart transplants (5%), and lowest in renal transplant patients (1 to 2%). The crude mortality of bacterial pneumonia in solid organ transplantation has exceeded 40% in most series. Beyond those risk factors identified for nosocomial pneumonia, the occurrence of primary cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, graft rejection, maintenance antirejection therapy with prednisone, azathioprine, and antilymphocyte globulin, antirejection therapy with high-dose corticosteroids or OKT3 and splenectomy have been associated with a significantly increased risk of bacterial pneumonia in these patients. In the first 3 months posttransplant, gram-negative bacilli, Staphylococcus aureus and Legionella predominate and mortality is very high, in excess of 60%. Thereafter, bacterial pneumonias are caused primarily by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae, with considerably lower mortality. Bacterial pneumonia must be suspected in any transplant patient presenting with fever and cough, especially associated with dyspnea or infiltrates on chest radiograph. If large numbers of bacteria and polymorphonuclear leukocytes are not visualized in respiratory secretions the work-up should proceed directly to fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage and/or protected brush specimen to establish the microbiologic diagnosis as accurately as possible. For presumptive gram-negative bacillary pneumonia, the initial regimen must be effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Prevention of bacterial pneumonia in transplant patients must begin with immunization against S pneumoniae and Influenza A, and include precautions taken to prevent nosocomial pneumonia. It further may include measures to prevent CMV infection and the use of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis during the first year posttransplantation. Ultimately, novel technologies such as selective antimicrobial decontamination and/or protective isolation during the early postoperative period may prove effective.
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PMID:Bacterial pneumonia in solid organ transplantation. 218 17

This paper summarizes the first study on clinical, etiologic, and epidemiologic features of acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI) in children in Argentina. A total of 1,003 children less than 5 years of age (805 inpatients and 198 outpatients) presenting with ALRI were studied during a 40-month period. Nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA), blood, urine, and throat-swab samples were collected when each child was first seen for care. Virologic studies were performed on the NPA by means of indirect immunofluorescence and isolation of virus in cell culture. Bacteriologic studies primarily were done by means of culture of blood or pleural fluid (when available); Bordetella pertussis and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, however, were searched for by the use of immunofluorescence and complement-fixation testing, respectively, in paired sera. Respiratory syncytial virus was the most commonly isolated virus, followed by adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, and influenza virus. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most frequently isolated bacterium, followed by B. pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Overall, the patient fatality rate was 3.8% among inpatients with pneumonia or bronchiolitis.
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PMID:Etiologic and clinical evaluation of acute lower respiratory tract infections in young Argentinian children: an overview. 227 Apr 11

This study focused on 401 children less than 5 years old who were hospitalized with acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI) and diarrhea in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and who were investigated for the presence of both bacterial and viral respiratory tract pathogens as well as for selected diarrheal pathogens. The most common manifestations of ALRI were pneumonia (374 cases), bronchiolitis (12 cases), and tracheobronchitis (11 cases). The majority (77%) of the illnesses were in children less than 2 years of age, and 88% of the children were malnourished. A respiratory tract pathogen was identified in 30% of the patients, and a diarrheal pathogen was identified in 34%. The overall case-fatality rate in children with ALRI and diarrhea was 8%. The case-fatality rate was 14% in children with bacterial pneumonia and diarrhea, 3% in those with viral pneumonia and diarrhea, and 14% in malnourished children with shigellosis and ALRI. The most common respiratory tract pathogens were respiratory syncytial virus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, influenza viruses, and Haemophilus influenzae type b.
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PMID:Acute lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized patients with diarrhea in Dhaka, Bangladesh. 227 Apr 12

Studies on community acquired pneumonia in the United States in patients over the age of 65 years have shown that Gram negative bacilli account for an appreciable proportion of cases, in addition to usual pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. There have been no reports of community acquired pneumonia in the elderly in the United Kingdom. We undertook such a study to determine the clinical features, aetiology, and outcome. Seventy three patients (38 men) with ages ranging from 65 to 97 (median 79) years were studied prospectively. Pneumonia was defined as an acute lower respiratory tract infection with new, previously unrecorded shadowing on a chest radiograph. Patients with severe chronic illness in whom pneumonia was an expected terminal event were excluded. Nearly all the patients (96%) had respiratory symptoms or signs but many had features that might obscure the true diagnosis of pneumonia. Over half the patients had non-respiratory symptoms and over a third had no systemic signs of infection. A pathogen was identified in 43% of patients, most commonly Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and influenza B virus. Gram negative bacilli were not seen. The mortality rate was high (33%). Early deaths were due to infection whereas later deaths were associated with other factors, such as stroke (two patients) and pulmonary embolism (two patients). Prognostic indicators for mortality were apyrexia, systolic hypotension, increasing hypoxaemia, and new urinary incontinence. As the range of pathogens causing pneumonia was the same in the elderly in this study as in other age groups it is suggested that initial antibiotic treatment for patients in this age group should always cover S pneumoniae and H influenzae.
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PMID:A hospital study of community acquired pneumonia in the elderly. 235 52

A knowledge of the natural history of cystic fibrosis is the basis for a treatment which, so far, has only been symptomatic. The three fundamental elements of our therapeutic possibilities are: prevention and treatment of bronchial obstruction, administration of antibiotics active against staphylococci and Haemophilus influenza (Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections will be dealt with in another article of this journal), and control of bronchial inflammatory processes. Some complications of cystic fibrosis regarded as serious are no longer beyond our resources. Many works of fundamental research are needed, concerning the local conditions that are necessary to the selective implantation and the development of Staphylococcus aureus in the lung, and the virus Staphylococcus and Staphylococcus-Pseudomonas relations. The real hope of an absolute treatment justifies the new, aggressive therapeutic approach but the precise indications of an antistaphylococcal treatment must still be evaluated carefully. Finally, the complexity of a treatment which must constantly be adjusted is one of the reasons for the existence of "specialized consultations", the organization of which is summarized.
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PMID:[Cystic fibrosis: choices of treatment of respiratory manifestations (except Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections)]. 236 11


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