Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three immunoglobulin preparations for intravenous infusion were compared in vivo to determine their relative protective capacity against several gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens. Polyglobin N is a conventional IgG concentrate. Psomaglobin N is identical in formulation to Polyglobin N but is prepared from the plasma of donors who have naturally high levels of antibody to lipopolysaccharide antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. IgGMA is a conventional IgG concentrate containing 12% IgG and 16% IgA. In a murine model of burn wound sepsis the three IgG preparations were similarly protective against three or ten strains of P. aeruginosa. Psomaglobin N and Polyglobin N were significantly (p less than or equal to 0.015) more protective than IgG-MA against six of ten and three of ten strains of P. aeruginosa, respectively. In a murine model of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 pneumonia, the three Ig preparations were similarly protective. IgG-MA was significantly more protective (p less than or equal to 0.025) than Psomaglobin N and Polyglobin N against Salmonella typhimurium in murine peritonitis. However, the mean protective dose (PD50) of the two later preparations was less than or equal to 20 mg/kg body weight. In models of peritonitis both Psomaglobin N and Polyglobin N were more protective than IgGMA (p less than or equal to 0.004) against Haemophilus influenzae b, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens 06:H3 and group B Streptococcus types 1b and 1c. Psomaglobin N and ciprofloxacin were employed to treat established polymicrobial murine burn wound sepsis resulting from contamination of the burn site with mixtures of P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Psomaglobin N or albumin was given once 16 h after challenge.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Infection
PMID:[Prevention of gram-negative and gram-positive infections using 3 intravenous immunoglobulin preparations and therapy of experimental polymicrobial burn infection using intravenous Pseudomonas immunoglobulin G and ciprofloxacin in an animal model]. 357 Apr 85

805 clinical isolates were investigated for their in vitro sensitivity against Ro 15-8074 and Ro 19-5247 in comparison to cefaclor and cefalexin in a serial dilution test on solid medium. Ro 19-5247 had the strongest activity of all drugs tested against streptococci (except Streptococcus faecalis) and was as active as cefaclor and cefalexin against most strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Ro 19-5247 was the only oral cephalosporin active against Bordetella pertussis. It was on average 160 times more active than cefaclor against Haemophilus influenzae. In its activity against enterobacteria Ro 19-5247 was always superior to cefaclor and cefalexin. Only a few strains of Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris and Serratia marcescens were resistant to Ro 19-5247 as were all strains of Enterobacter agglomerans and Klebsiella ozaenae. Ro 15-8074 was inactive against staphylococci but ten times more active than cefaclor and cefalexin against Streptococcus pyogenes. There was no difference in the activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus agalactiae. Against Haemophilus influenzae Ro 15-8074 acted 12 times stronger than cefaclor and 100 times stronger than cefalexin. The activity against enterobacteria corresponded to that of Ro 19-5247. Ro 15-8074 was also active against most strains of Enterobacter cloacae and Proteus vulgaris which were resistant to cefaclor and cefalexin.
Infection
PMID:In vitro activity of Ro 15-8074 and Ro 19-5247 in comparison to cefaclor and cefalexin. 359 8

Cigarette smoking exerts deleterious effects not only on the respiratory tract, but also on the lung's parenchyma. The FEV is reduced in heavy chronic smokers. Persistent smoking has an unfavourable influence on mucociliary activity. According to the results of recent research almost 8 million people in the U.S. were suffering from chronic bronchitis in 1981. There is a direct correlation between the number of cigarettes smoked, over what period of time, and the incidence of chronic bronchitis. In studies with patients suffering from exacerbations of chronic bronchitis the most common bacterial pathogens found were Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Branhamella catarrhalis. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and certain viruses are counted amongst the non-bacterial pathogens. Antibiotics should be effective against such possible pathogens. The resistance of H. influenzae to ampicillin/amoxicillin is currently observed in at least 12% of cases, whilst H. influenzae is regularly observed to be resistant to erythromycin. Cefaclor, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid offer satisfactory forms of treatment. Pneumonia caused by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, B. catarrhalis and Legionella pneumophila is often seen in smokers and patients with COLD. Haemocultures should be prepared for all hospitalized patients. Penicillin G and/or V is the agent of choice. Cefaclor or trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole can be given to counter beta-lactamase producing H. influenzae whilst cefaclor, erythromycin, tetracycline or trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole are used for the treatment of B. catarrhalis infections. In Legionella infections erythromycin is the preferred treatment. A combination of erythromycin and cefamandole or ceftriaxone is indicated for empirical management. Patients with COLD should be immunised with pneumococcus and influenza vaccines.
Infection 1987
PMID:[Smoking and lower respiratory tract infection]. 361 Mar 32

Thirty-five patients with serious infections and impaired renal function were treated empirically with 2 to 8 g of cefoperazone per day. Infections included sepsis in 14, nonbacteremic urinary infections in nine, pneumonia in five, intra-abdominal infection in five, fasciitis in one, and malignant otitis externa in one. The average age of this group was 64.3 years, 25 had ultimately fatal underlying diseases, and their average serum creatinine level was 5.2 mg/dl. Infections were caused by Enterobacteriaceae in 23 patients, Streptococcus faecalis in five, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in four, Staphylococcus aureus in four, Hemophilus influenzae in three, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Clostridium sordelli in one each. Overall, 32 patients had clinical and microbiologic cures, two had improvement, and one had failure. Hypoprothrombinemia occurred in 18 of 28 patients not given vitamin K for prophylaxis and occurred more often in those with serum albumin concentrations below 3.5 g/dl. Prothrombin times returned to normal within 36 hours of treatment with vitamin K, although two patients experienced mild hematemesis. In anicteric patients with liver function abnormalities, 2 g every 12 hours produced peak and trough serum concentrations that averaged 254 and 125 micrograms/ml, respectively, compared with 179.5 and 19.5 micrograms/ml, respectively, in five with normal liver function test results. In jaundiced patients treated with 1 g every 12 hours, trough concentrations were comparably elevated. Serum concentrations did not correlate with hypoprothrombinemia, but high levels throughout the dosing interval may have contributed to the excellent cure rate in this study.
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PMID:Cefoperazone for empiric therapy in patients with impaired renal function. 374 81

In an open prospective study the efficacy and tolerance of imipenem/cilastatin was investigated in 24 critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation with nosocomial respiratory tract infection. Nine patients had previously received antibiotic therapy, eight of them with various other beta-lactam antibiotics which had failed. Imipenem was given in a dose of 1-3 g/24 h over 5-37 (mean 11) days. Seven patients were additionally treated with aminoglycosides, one patient with erythromycin. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 14), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 4), Haemophilus influenzae (n = 4) and Escherichia coli (n = 3) were the potential pathogens most frequently isolated from tracheo-bronchial secretions. All of the isolates were susceptible to imipenem. 91% of the infections without and 77% with involvement of P. aeruginosa were successfully treated. Two patients who had not responded to previous treatment succumbed to the consequences of progressive respiratory distress syndrome. All of the gram-positive and 85% of the gram-negative pathogens (Pseudomonas not included) were eliminated in the course of therapy. By contrast, 64% of the isolates of P. aeruginosa persisted; half of these became imipenem-resistant. Nine patients showed adverse reactions including one case of pseudomembranous colitis or laboratory abnormalities which were all reversible. Imipenem/cilastatin proved highly effective and was relatively well tolerated; it is suitable as a single agent for the initial treatment of nosocomial respiratory tract infections in ventilated patients, although only with limitations in cases of infection due to P. aeruginosa.
Infection 1986
PMID:[Treatment of respiratory tract infections with imipenem/cilastatin in critical patients with respiratory insufficiency]. 375 53

All infections occurring in a busy pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) from 1982 to 1984 were characterized by site, bacteriology, acquisition status, and outcome. Standard Centers for Disease Control criteria were employed. Nine hundred sixty-five patients were admitted to the PICU. Mortality was 3.4%. Two hundred twenty-one infections occurred in 180 patients. Infection rates were 23% and 6% for total and PICU-acquired infections, respectively. Infections of the central nervous system (n = 56), lower respiratory tract (n = 53), and genitourinary tract (n = 46) made up 70% of all infections. Haemophilus influenzae (n = 39) was the most commonly isolated pathogen. Staphylococcus aureus (20%) and Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia (18.3%) were most commonly noted in PICU-acquired infections. Twenty infected patients (11.1%) died in the PICU. Lower respiratory tract infections (20.5%) were associated with the highest mortality. Both PICU-acquired and community-acquired infections were associated with similar mortalities. Infected patients in a PICU have a mortality approximately 300% higher than that seen in the overall PICU population. The data presented document the importance of infection and provide information against which similar units can gauge their infection status for quality-assurance purposes.
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PMID:Infections in a pediatric intensive care unit. 381 7

Of 155 highlands children with purulent culture-positive meningitis studied from March 1980 to September 1984, 84% were aged twelve months or less and 92% were infected with either Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae or both organisms. Other pathogens were Neisseria meningitidis (8 isolations), Streptococcus pyogenes (2 isolations) and Streptococcus agalactiae and Klebsiella species (1 of each). Among H. influenzae isolates, serotype b strains predominated (83%) and most (96%) belonged to biotype I or II. Infections due to non-b haemophili included serotype a (9 strains), serotype f (1 strain) and non-serotypable variants (3 strains). Of 67 S. pneumoniae strains 22% were resistant to benzylpenicillin, with minimal inhibitory concentrations of 0.1-1.0 micrograms/ml. The commonest serotypes were types 5 (11 isolates), type 7 (9 isolates) and types 2, 6 and 46 (6 of each). No resistance to chloramphenicol was detected in either H. influenzae or S. pneumoniae and only one of 56 strains of H. influenzae was insensitive to betalactam antibiotics. The known case fatality rate in this study was 37%. More children with pneumococcal infection died (46%) than those with haemophilus infection (30%), though the difference was not statistically significant; 79% of all deaths occurred in children aged less than twelve months. There is an urgent need for H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae vaccines that are effective in young children.
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PMID:The aetiology of purulent meningitis in highland children: a bacteriological study. 386 56

In a retrospective study covering a 13-year period and a population of 817,900 inhabitants, 13 cases of invasive infection caused by Haemophilus species other than Haemophilus influenzae were found. Ten of the infectious episodes were caused by Haemophilus parainfluenzae and three by Haemophilus aphrophilus. The clinical manifestations comprised endocarditis, meningitis, pleuropneumonia, epiglottitis and septicaemia from an unknown focus. These 13 infectious episodes caused by uncommon Haemophilus species constituted less than 3% of the total number (473) of invasive Haemophilus infections registered during the same period of time. Invasive H. influenzae infections were more common in all age groups than infections caused by other Haemophilus species. In contrast to H. influenzae infections, which predominate in childhood, invasive infections due to uncommon Haemophilus species had no predilection for any age group.
Infection
PMID:Invasive infections caused by Haemophilus species other than Haemophilus influenzae. 387 45

In this study 80 clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae type b from 60 patients were used to analyze if heterogeneous populations of ampicillin resistant and sensitive cells were simultaneously present within each strain and to determine how common this phenomenon was among clinical isolates. A total of 50 ampicillin sensitive clinical isolates were screened for resistance to this antibiotic. It was observed that 32 ampicillin sensitive strains did not contain resistant subpopulations. Furthermore, even with the inducement of resistant subgroups to proliferate under antibiotic-mediated selection using maximum subinhibitory concentrations of ampicillin, no subpopulations of resistant cells were discovered among 18 additional strains. In order to determine whether ampicillin resistance was stable in beta-lactamase-producing H. influenzae clinical isolates, 20 strains from 16 patients were examined. No tendency to segregate into a heterogeneous population of sensitive and resistant clones was found. Furthermore, ampicillin resistance was still uniformly expressed after the treatment of ten strains with the curing agent acridine orange. These results suggest that after extensive evaluation no heterogeneous populations existed with ampicillin resistant and sensitive H. influenzae clinical isolates, indicating that this phenomenon is not a prevalent one.
Infection
PMID:Characterization of clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae type b for heterogeneous populations of susceptibility to ampicillin. 387 16

A rapid technique has been developed to quantitate the degree of bacteremia in laboratory animals. Direct staining of blood smears with acridine orange and enumeration using fluorescent microscopy allowed quantitation of Haemophilus influenzae in blood at densities from 10(5) to 10(8) cfu/ml. This technique will facilitate the accuracy with which therapeutic trials are conducted in laboratory models of infection.
Infection
PMID:The use of acridine orange as a rapid method for the quantitation of bacteremia in laboratory animals. 387 64


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