Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pneumonia counts as one of the most frequent severe Haemophilus influenzae infections to afflict adults. 60% of patients with pneumonia caused by type b H. influenzae are more than 50 years old, 30% to 40% are alcoholics, and 30% to 40% have chronic pulmonary disease or other concurrent illness. In the majority of cases there is multilobular, maculate, diffuse and usually bilateral involvement of the pulmonary tissue. The mortality rate due to type b H. influenzae pneumonia ranges between 30% and 40%. In patients with non-bacteriaemic pneumonia caused by non-encapsulated strains of H. influenzae it is rare for several lobes to be involved, there is little exudation and the mortality rate is low. H. influenzae is a significant pathogen in acute epiglottitis in adults and it also appears to play an important role in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) and acute sinusitis. beta-lactamase production mediated by R-factors or plasmids of gram-negative bacteria is responsible for ampicillin resistance. In 1978 the overall rate of resistance of H. influenzae to ampicillin in American hospitals amounted to 18%. H. influenzae are found in the nasopharynx of people exposed to others infected with H. influenzae. The risk of secondary infection in children who come into contact with patients infected with type b H. influenzae amounts to approximately 2.1%. Adults in close contact with children suffering from severe H. influenzae infections must be warned of the possible risks of secondary infection.
Infection 1987
PMID:[Respiratory tract infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae in adults]. 349 6

Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae are found in 87% of all cases of exacerbated chronic obstructive bronchopulmonary disease. Complications of viral respiratory tract disease are most frequently caused by H. influenzae. Not only encapsulated forms of H. influenzae, but also non-encapsulated strains may be responsible for the onset of pneumonia and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis in adults. The most common symptoms of infections with H. influenzae are cough, dyspnoea, increase in purulent sputum and wheezing. A quantitative sputum culture is recommended for diagnosing chronic obstructive bronchopulmonary disease. Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis are always treated with antibiotics effective against H. influenzae and pneumococci. As a rule, empirical treatment should suffice in general practice. In the comparison between ampicillin, co-trimoxazole and cefaclor included in the study protocol appended to this report, the latter produced the most favourable results both in the empirical and specific forms of treatment. We would recommend cefaclor as the antibiotic of choice for this disease.
Infection 1987
PMID:[Infections of the lower respiratory tract in general practice]. 349 7

An average of 1.4% of the more than 30,000 participants in a treatment study were diagnosed as having acute sinusitis. 62% of all cases of sinusitis arose in patients aged between 15 and 44 years. Treatment with antibiotics is indicated in purulent sinusitis whilst non-purulent sinusitis is treated either with local or systemic antiphlogistic agents. The secondary bacterial infection is usually caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and anaerobic bacteria. In Scandinavia these probably account for 90% of the purulent sinusitis cases whilst Branhamella catarrhalis is responsible for the remaining 10%. Penicillin V is the agent of choice in acute sinusitis. Cefaclor is preferable in combatting H. influenzae. In a double blind study comparing doxycycline to cefaclor in the management of acute sinusitis (108 patients with cefaclor, 105 patients with doxycycline, no difference emerged between the two groups in the subjective assessment of the treatment results. Objective evaluation recorded excellent results for 88% and 83% of the patients in the cefaclor and doxycycline groups, respectively. Side-effects were noted by 7% of the cefaclor and by 13% of the doxycycline patients. The difference between the incidence of side-effects was not statistically significant. Taking into account the treatment results, the side-effects and ecological aspects, cefaclor is second only to penicillin as the agent of choice in suspected or confirmed purulent sinusitis (e. g. in presence of penicillin allergies or failure of the infection to respond to penicillin V).
Infection 1987
PMID:[Acute sinusitis in adults]. 349 8

The host's respiratory defence mechanisms are transformed to chronic inflammatory reactions by the persistence of microorganisms and hence inflict damage on the host's own tissues. This change primarily reduces the capability of the mucociliary defence mechanisms. Such impairment can result from modifications to the mucus's physical chemical properties after an infection, or from damage to the ciliary epithelium. Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae cause ciliary dyskinesia and eventually lead to the destruction of the ciliary epithelium. Encapsulated type b H. influenzae strains appear to slow down the cilia most markedly. There is a fundamental difference between acute and chronic infections. In the case of acute infections the patient's normal defence mechanisms are usually intact. In chronic infections the chronic inflammatory response to the microorganisms causes the disease to progress. In such cases treatment must be considerably more aggressive since the host's "cleansing" capability is diminished. Thus, antibiotics must be applied which can effectively penetrate the bronchial tree and which also remain stable and bioactive in the presence of beta-lactamase producing microorganisms such as H. influenzae. It is conceivable that, in the future, antibiotic therapy will have to be combined with antiphlogistic agents.
Infection 1987
PMID:[Significance of Haemophilus influenzae and other microorganisms for the pathogenesis and therapy of chronic respiratory infection]. 349 9

Four hundred and seventy cases of meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenza in children and 30 cases in adults were identified in Sweden between 1981 and 1983. The age specific incidence in the most susceptible age group (0-4 years) was 31/100,000/year (440 cases), which is higher than previously reported from Europe. A further 30 cases were seen in children aged 5-14. The risk of developing H influenzae meningitis before the age of 15 was 1 in 669. There were 11 deaths (2%) and five cases of serious neurological sequelae among the children. Only 18 children (4%) had predisposing diseases. All but one of the 294 strains of H influenzae from children that had been serotyped were type b. Infections in adults differed from infections in children. Five of the adults died (17%), 12 had important predisposing diseases, and at least six of the infections were caused by non-typable strains. It is concluded that research into the prevention of invasive H influenzae infections in children should have high priority.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in Sweden 1981-1983. 350 4

The in vitro activity of ofloxacin, a new quinolone derivative, was compared to that of other agents commonly in use against pathogens isolated in the community and in the hospital. None of the community or hospital strains isolated from urinary tract infection showed resistance to ofloxacin, while variable resistance was demonstrable with all other oral agents. Similar results were obtained with pathogens isolated from infected wounds originating in the community and in the hospital. Among pathogens isolated from the respiratory tract, ofloxacin was most active against Haemophilus influenzae, but less active than the penicillin-cephalosporin group against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Ofloxacin was active against all but one (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) blood culture isolates. Of 112 strains isolated from community-acquired infections, only one strain was ofloxacin-resistant while resistance to sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim, ampicillin and doxycycline was 34%, 42% and 30%, respectively. Among 219 pathogens originating from nosocomial infections, 3.2% were resistant to ofloxacin compared to 56% for cefazolin, to 7.2% for cefotaxime, 15.8% for piperacillin and 22.3% for gentamicin. These results suggest that ofloxacin has great therapeutic potential for the therapy of bacterial infections originating both in the community and in the hospital.
Infection 1986
PMID:Comparative activity of ofloxacin with reference to bacterial strains isolated in in-patients and out-patients. 351 69

In an open clinical trial, out-patients with respiratory tract infections were given 200 mg ofloxacin b. i. d. orally. 36 had acute bronchitis and pneumonia was diagnosed in 44. The average duration of therapy was nine days for bronchitis and 12 days for pneumonia. In the sputum of bronchitis patients, Haemophilus influenzae (n = 25), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 18), Branhamella catarrhalis (n = 2) and Pasteurella multocida (n = 1) were isolated. 17 H. influenzae and 12 S. pneumoniae were eliminated. All 20 S. pneumoniae strains isolated from patients with pneumonia were eliminated. A cure or improvement of clinical symptoms was seen in 32 of 36 cases of bronchitis and in 33 of 44 cases of pneumonia treated with ofloxacin.
Infection 1986
PMID:[Respiratory tract infections--clinical results with ofloxacin]. 351 72

Infectious diseases often occurring in epidemics, are to be expected in group day care because of the susceptibility of infants and toddlers to infection and the ready transmission of infection in the day care setting. Children in day care have more respiratory and gastrointestinal infections and are at higher risk for meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae than are children in home care. Infections acquired by the child in the day care center may spread to members of the household and to the community. Illness in the child in day care may necessitate care at home and a change in plans of the parents; family stress may result. Infections in the day care center can be limited by appropriate use of the physical facilities, education of personnel in standards of hygiene, and maintenance of recommended immunizations of children and adult care givers. Simple techniques of infection control, such as hand washing, are the most effective.
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PMID:Infectious diseases and day care. 352 7

We evaluated mucosal attachment, colonization, and invasion by Haemophilus influenzae in an experimental model of human nasopharyngeal tissue in organ culture. Nonpiliated, encapsulated, and nonencapsulated, IgA1 protease-deficient mutants of H. influenzae were compared with their isogenic IgA1 protease-producing parents. Damage to peripheral ciliary activity was first noted 6 hr after infection and was associated with sloughing of ciliated cells to which H. influenzae were not attached. Infection of organ cultures with each strain resulted in similar degrees and rates of ciliary damage. H. influenzae attached selectively to nonciliated epithelial cells or was associated with surface mucus. Later, disruption of epithelial tight junctions was observed, and clusters of H. influenzae were found between epithelial cells. Organisms were also seen within phagocytic vacuoles of mononuclear cells located above and below the basement membrane. In summary, encapsulated and nonencapsulated H. influenzae damaged the ciliary function of human nasopharyngeal organ cultures, attached to the mucosal surface, and invaded the epithelium. H. influenzae IgA1 protease, however, was not essential for the pathogenic steps observed in this human nasopharyngeal organ culture model.
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PMID:Pathogenesis of IgA1 protease-producing and -nonproducing Haemophilus influenzae in human nasopharyngeal organ cultures. 353 6

A newly developed 1% eye preparation of the potent antistaphylococcal antibiotic fusidic acid, showed an excellent clinical effect in 206 Egyptian children with external eye infections. The 248 patients included in the study were randomized, in the ratio 5:1, to either fusidic acid or chloramphenicol 0.5% eye drops. Both preparations were given four to six times daily for one week. Bacterial conjunctivitis was diagnosed in 56% of the children. Offending eye pathogens were mainly Staphylococcus aureus (60%), Haemophilus aegyptius (10%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (13%) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (6%). The overall clinical success rate in children with bacterial conjunctivitis was 85% with fusidic acid, compared to 48% with chloramphenicol (p less than 0.001). The better effect of fusidic acid could be ascribed to a lower frequency of in vitro resistance (16%) in comparison to chloramphenicol (55%). Both drugs were apparently well tolerated and no side-effects were observed.
Infection
PMID:Fusidic acid in infections of the external eye. 357 Apr 79


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