Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Individuals infected by the human immuno deficiency are more prone to suffering certain bacterial infections in the course of their clinical evolution. The agents involved in these infections are: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp and Campylobacter spp, which occasion an increase in morbidity and mortality. With a lower frequency, but with an equal morbidity and mortality, infections have been found caused by Rhodococcus equi, Nocardia spp and Bartonella spp. Even though all of them account for a selective impairment of immunodeficiency in one way or another, their incidence varies. Other factors such as degree of immuno suppression, habits, social and geographic living environment could be important. In general, there is a lack of chemoprophylactic strategies for their prevention. Early diagnosis and correct treatment could have important advantages for the quality of life and survival of these patients
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PMID:[Bacterial infections in patients infected by HIV]. 1289 92

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation is followed by humoral immunodeficiency. We evaluated whether antibody levels can be improved by recipient vaccination on day -1 and 50 and whether the levels can be further improved by donor vaccination on day -20. A total of 85 patients were randomized or assigned to one of the following strategies of immunization with Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharides, Haemophilus influenzae polysaccharide-protein conjugate, tetanus toxoid (protein recall antigen) and hepatitis B surface antigen (protein neo-antigen): (1) donor on day -20, recipient on days -1, +50 and +365 (D(-20)R(-1,50,365)); (2) donor nil, recipient on days -1, +50 and +365 (D(N)R(-1,50,365)); or (3) donor nil, recipient on day +365 (D(N)R(365)). For H. influenzae and tetanus, IgG levels after grafting were the highest in the D(-20)R(-1,50,365) patients, intermediate in the D(N)R(-1,50,365) patients and the lowest in the D(N)R(365) patients. For S. pneumoniae and hepatitis B, antibody levels appeared to be similar in all three patient groups. The results suggest that for polysaccharide-protein conjugate antigens or protein recall antigens, recipient immunization on days -1 and 50 improves antibody levels and that donor vaccination on day -20 further improves the levels. In contrast, neither recipient immunization on days -1 and 50 nor donor immunization on day -20 appears to be efficacious for polysaccharide antigens and poorly immunogenic protein neo-antigens.
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PMID:Efficacy of donor vaccination before hematopoietic cell transplantation and recipient vaccination both before and early after transplantation. 1464 54

The bone marrow is an important source of Abs involved in long-term protection from recurrence of infections. Allogenic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) fails to restore this working memory. Attempts to overcome this immunodeficiency by immunization of the donor have not been very successful. More needs to be known about transfer of B cell memory by BMT. We tracked memory B cells from the donor to the recipient during BMT of a girl with leukocyte adhesion deficiency. Vaccination of her HLA-identical sibling donor 7 days before harvest induced Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) capsular polysaccharide (HibCP)-specific B cells readily detectable in marrow and blood. BMT did not lead to spontaneous production of HibCP Abs, but the recipient responded well to booster immunizations 9 and 11 mo after BMT. HibCP-specific B cells were obtained 7 days after the vaccinations, and their V(H) genes were sequenced and analyzed for rearrangements and unique patterns of somatic hypermutations identifying clonally related cells. Ninety (74%) of 121 sequences were derived from only 16 precursors. Twelve clones were identified in the donor, and representatives from all of them were detected in the recipient where they constituted 61 and 68% of the responding B cells after the first and second vaccinations, respectively. No evidence for re-entry of memory clones into the process of somatic hypermutation was seen in the recipient. Thus, memory B cells were transferred from the donor, persisted for at least 9 mo in the recipient, and constituted the major part of the HibCP-specific repertoire.
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PMID:Human memory B cells transferred by allogenic bone marrow transplantation contribute significantly to the antibody repertoire of the recipient. 1497 39

People with asplenia are at risk for infections due to many causative agents, mainly Streptococcus pneumoniae. Among adults, splenectomy is the most frequent etiology of hyposplenism followed with chronic hematological and connective diseases. Physiopathology of the immunologic impairment due to hyposplenia is multifactorial. Physicians and even patients must be aware of overwhelming sepsis occurring on these conditions. The prognosis of these life-threatening infections is related to the precocity of the treatment onset. These infections, mainly due to S. pneumoniae (50-90% of cases) could be prevented with appropriate precautions. Patients presenting with asplenia must be largely vaccinated against these infectious agents: S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae b, and possibly Neisseiria meningitidis. Oral phenoxymethylpenicillin seems to be the simplest chemoprophylaxis (despite the global increase of pneumococcal strains with reduced susceptibility). Duration of treatment following splenectomy is discussed: The French medicine agency (AFSSAPS) recommends a 2-year treatment after surgery and for patients having functional hyposplenism (persistency of Howell-Jolly bodies) and/or associated immunodeficiency. Despite these prevention policies, the patient must be informed of the risk of very severe infection.
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PMID:[Prevention and infection in adults patients with hyposplenism]. 1562 52

Agammaglobulinemia is the most common primary immunodeficiency, with an incidence of approximately 1 in 250,000 males in the United States. These patients are at risk for frequent recurrent infections, which may become fatal if untreated. Patients have increased susceptibility to encapsulated pyogenic bacteria. Haemophilus influenzae is second only to Streptococcus pneumoniae as the bacteria most frequently implicated in infections in these patients. We present a case involving an adolescent boy with X-linked agammaglobulinemia and H influenzae cervical adenopathy, confirmed twice by culture. We correlate the clinical, microbiologic, and histologic findings. Owing to the severity of infections in this population, surgical intervention is more common than in the immunocompetent population. This description may help the pathologist in considering a differential diagnosis when examining a diagnostic lymph node biopsy in these patients.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae lymphadenopathy in a patient with agammaglobulinemia: clinical-histologic-microbiologic correlation and review of the literature. 1562 87

Clinical practice guidelines for the management of acute sinusitis in children have been published by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Of note is that in this document, a brief discussion of chronic disease concluded that the pathogenesis and management are essentially unknown. Although there are insufficient data in the literature to develop evidence-based clinical guidelines, a careful review of the literature and clinical experience of experts who manage pediatric chronic sinusitis is presented in an effort to develop specific recommendations and to offer practical treatment options. Factors associated with chronic sinusitis should be addressed individually and include recurrent viral upper respiratory infections, allergic and nonallergic rhinitis, ciliary dyskinesia, cystic fibrosis, immunodeficiency, and anatomic abnormalities. Bacteriology includes the 3 pathogens associated with acute disease i.e., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis but with chronic sinusitis also includes Staphylococcus aureus, anaerobic bacteria, and fungi. Medical interventions discussed include endoscopic sinus surgery, saline nasal irrigation, intranasal decongestant therapy, intranasal steroids, and oral antibiotics. Clinical ranking without regard to side effects and cost suggests that endoscopic sinus surgery and antral irrigation have the highest probability of substantial symptom improvement. Other issues discussed include identification and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), allergy, and immune deficiency.
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PMID:Chronic sinusitis in children. 1601 92

Abstract. This study was undertaken from 1995-2000 to investigate the cause of respiratory tract infection among 481 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. The positive rate of bacterial pathogens was 38.46%. Pseudomonas aeruginosa appeared to be the most common pathogen (32.97%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (18.92%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.81 %), Haemophilus influenzae (7.57%), and Acinetobacter baumannii (5.95%). P. aeruginosa was sensitive to netilmycin, amikacin, imipenem, meropenem, cefoperazone/sulbactam, piperacillin/tazobactam, and gentamicin (67-84%). S. aureus was sensitive to vancomycin and teicoplanin (100%).
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PMID:Respiratory tract infection caused by bacteria (non-Mycobacterium) and their antibiogram in HIV-positive patients. 1612 43

The objective of this study was to evaluate humoral immunity of allergic respiratory children with chronic/recurrent sinusitis. Twenty-seven allergic respiratory (persistent mild/moderate asthma and persistent allergic rhinitis) children (7-15-year old) with chronic or recurrent sinusitis were evaluated. Patients had symptoms and abnormal computer tomography scan even after two adequate treatments (long-lasting antibiotics, decongestants, and short-term oral corticosteroids). clinical examination, sweat test, total blood cell count, measurement of serum levels of: total and specific IgE, immunoglobulins (G, M, A), IgG subclasses, antibodies to Haemophilus influenza type b (IgG anti-Ps Hib) and pneumococcal serotypes (IgG anti-Ps 1, 3, 5, 6B, 9V, and 14) before and after active immunization (Act-Hib and Pneumo23, Aventis Pasteur SA, Lyon, France), Rubella neutralizing antibody titers and human immunodeficiency virus antibodies. Specific IgE to inhalant allergens higher than class III were observed in 24/27 patients. One patient had IgA plus IgG2 deficiency and other an IgG3 deficiency. Eight and 12 of 27 patients had IgG2 and IgG3 serum levels below 2.5th percentile, respectively. Immunological responses to protein and polysaccharide antigens were normal in all patients. Although our patients have been appropriately treated of their allergic diseases, they persisted with chronic/recurrent sinusitis and 60% of them had a documented osteomeatal complex blockade. In spite of the diagnosis of IgA plus IgG2 deficiency and an isolated IgG3 deficiency, in all patients an adequate response to Ps antigens was observed. Primary and/or secondary humoral immunodeficiency seems not to be the main cause of chronic/recurrent sinusitis in patients with respiratory allergic disease.
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PMID:Immunological evaluation of allergic respiratory children with recurrent sinusitis. 1617 2

Recurrence of bacterial meningitis in children is not only potentially life-threatening, but also involves or induces psychological trauma to the patients through repeated hospitalization and multiple invasive investigations if the underlying cause remains undetected. Bacteria migration, along congenital or acquired pathways from the skull or spinal dural defects, gains entrance into the central nervous system (CNS) and should be taken into consideration when children face recurrent bacterial meningitis, however, symptoms and signs of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea or otorrhea are rare in such patients. Without evidence of CSF leakage, a cranial symptom/sign or coccygeal cutaneous stigmata may suggest the approximate lesion site, diagnosis and detection remains difficult. To detect an occult dural lesion along the craniospinal axis, such as basal encephalocele, dermal sinus tract, or neurenteric cyst, a detailed clinical evaluation and the use of the modern diagnostic imaging methods is necessary. Because of the possibility of concomitant occurrence of more than one malformation, both the frontal and the lateral skull base should be carefully evaluated. Precise localization of the dural lesion is a prerequisite for successful surgical repair. In addition, the bacteria specificity could leave significant clues: Pneumoccocus or Hemophilus suggests cranial dural defects, E. coli or other gram negative bacilli suggests spinal dural defects, and meningococci suggest immunologic deficiency. Asplenia or immunodeficiency such as complement or immunoglobulin deficiency rarely causes recurrent meningitis without a history of frequent infection of non-CNS areas. Salmonella meningitis or brain abscess should not be treated incompletely or inadequately and could lead to recrudescence, relapse or recurrence of bacterial meningitis. Antibiotic (penicillin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) induced meningitis may repetitively occur on occasion.
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PMID:Diagnostic approach to recurrent bacterial meningitis in children. 1623 27

Primary immune deficiencies (PIDs) are characterized by functional and/or quantitative abnormalities of one or more immune system components. Several bone and joint abnormalities can occur in patients with PID, with arthritis being the most common. Joint manifestations, of which arthritis is the most common, occur chiefly in humoral PIDs (agammaglobulinemia, common variable immunodeficiency, hyper-IgM syndromes, and IgA deficiency) and occasionally in other PIDs (chronic granulomatous disease and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome). Monoarthritis or oligoarthritis is the usual pattern, although polyarthritis may occur, occasionally with nodules suggesting rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis in patients with PID is usually infectious in nature, the most common causative organism being Mycoplasma, followed by Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Haemophilus. These bacteria can induce not only synovial infections, but also aseptic arthritogenic inflammatory responses. Arthritis having no demonstrable relation to chronic infection has been reported also and ascribed to dysimmunity-driven mechanisms that exhibit a number of specific features. Bone lesions are far less common and usually due to infections complicating humoral PID. Distinctive bone manifestations occur in a number of rare PIDs (e.g., hyper-IgE syndrome and Di George syndrome) and in syndromes characterized by spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia. Familiarity with PID syndromes both enhances the diagnostic capabilities of physicians and provides insight into the pathophysiology of bone and joint abnormalities associated with immune dysfunction. In children and occasionally in adults, a combination of bone and/or joint manifestations and hypogammaglobulinemia may indicate PID. When there is no evidence of lymphoproliferative disease, infection, or iatrogenic complications, investigations for PID should be obtained. PID-related arthritis is a unique model for studying the pathogenesis of presumably postinfectious arthritis and of inflammatory joint diseases including rheumatoid arthritis.
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PMID:Bone and joint disease associated with primary immune deficiencies. 1637 4


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