Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It is questionable as to whether a low serum concentration of one of the IgG subclasses identifies a disease state. A low IgG(1) concentration is found in primary or secondary immunodeficiency states but does not occur in isolation. Low IgG(2) concentration is associated with an increased risk of bacterial infections but only in some individuals and not in others. Isolated IgG(3) and IgG(4) deficiency have not been convincingly demonstrated. Therefore, the isolated finding of low concentrations of one or more IgG subclass does not identify individuals at risk. In contrast, the finding of low serum concentrations of antibodies to specific bacterial antigens (Haemophilus influenzae type B, pneumococcus, tetanus and diphtheria) does identify individuals at risk and these measurements should be used in preference to IgG subclass measurement.
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PMID:Are there any clinical indications for measuring IgG subclasses? 1211 41

In this paper, clinical data of 49 adult patients with agammaglobulinaemia (syn. hypogammaglobulinaemia), 15 cases of X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA) and 34 of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) are reviewed. Although immunoglobulin substitution largely abolished life-threatening respiratory tract infections, considerable infectious and non-infectious morbidity was still encountered in these patients. Almost all patients suffered from chronic or recurrent upper and lower airway infections, mainly caused by Haemophilus influenzae and pneumococci. The lower respiratory tract infections led to cumulative damage to the respiratory tract, especially in XLA patients. Also the incidence of infections outside the respiratory tract (giardiasis, Campylobacter jejuni infections) was more common in XLA patients than in CVID patients. Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia was only found in CVID. A variety of other non-infectious complications were seen especially in CVID. Neoplastic complications occurred in nine patients (two cases of thymoma, two colorectal cancer, one gastric carcinoma, two haematological malignancies, two cases of skin cancer). Six patients died (five XLA patients and one CVID patient, from infectious and non-infectious causes).
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PMID:Hypogammaglobulinaemia: cumulative experience in 49 patients in a tertiary care institution. 1216 71

Haemophilus ducreyi is the etiologic agent of chancroid, a sexually transmitted disease that increases the rate of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Chancroid ulcerations are difficult to distinguish from those produced by syphilis and herpes. Diagnosis based solely on clinical grounds is inaccurate, and culture is insensitive. Highly sensitive PCR has largely superseded culture as the preferred method of laboratory diagnosis; however, neither culture nor PCR is feasible where chancroid is endemic. We developed a rapid (15-min) diagnostic test based on monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the hemoglobin receptor of H. ducreyi, HgbA. This outer membrane protein is conserved in all strains of H. ducreyi tested and is required for the establishment of experimental human infection. MAbs to HgbA were generated and tested for cross-reactivity against a panel of geographically diverse strains. Three MAbs were found to be unique and noncompetitive and bound to all strains of H. ducreyi tested. Using an immunochromatography format, we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of the test using geographically diverse strains of H. ducreyi, other Haemophilus strains, and other bacteria known to superinfect genital ulcers. All H. ducreyi strains were positive, and all other bacteria were negative, resulting in a specificity of 100%. The minimum number of CFU of H. ducreyi detected was 2 x 10(6) CFU, and the minimum amount of purified HgbA protein detected was 8.5 ng. Although this level of sensitivity may not be sufficient to detect H. ducreyi in all clinical specimens, further work to increase the sensitivity could potentially make this a valuable bedside tool in areas where chancroid is endemic.
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PMID:Development of a rapid immunodiagnostic test for Haemophilus ducreyi. 1235 68

Recurrent infections are a common cause of morbidity in childhood. Several reports have associated this condition to low levels of IgA and IgG subclasses and/or lack of specific antipolysaccharide antibody response, although the relevance of these defects in terms of prognosis and therapeutic approach is still unclear. The aim of our study was to determine the frequency and the clinical relevance of humoral immunodeficiency (HID) other than hypogammaglobulinemia in children affected by recurrent infections. We recruited 67 pediatric patients affected by recurrent infections. Serum IgG, IgA, IgM, IgG2, IgG3, and specific anti-Haemophilus influenzae (anti-Hib) antibodies were determined. Thirty-seven out of 67 patients showed antibody defects (55%). IgA deficiency was observed in 21 out of 67 patients (31%), followed by IgG2 (18%), IgG3 (15%) and IgM (6%) defects. Anti-Hib deficiency was present in three out of 44 patients (7%). A tendency for a higher occurrence of pneumonia and otitis, although not statistically significant (p > 0.05), was observed in HID patients compared to children with normal humoral function. No statistical difference as to the frequency of mild infections (URI) was found between HID and non-HID patients. We therefore suggest that the therapeutic program is based on the clinical status of the patients. Long-term follow-up with repeated determinations of antibody levels is crucial, however, to detect those defects that might evolve into more complex immunodeficiencies.
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PMID:Evaluation of the relevance of humoral immunodeficiencies in a pediatric population affected by recurrent infections. 1248 21

To obtain insight into the mechanism(s) of posttransplantation humoral immunodeficiency, we evaluated factors affecting serum antibody levels against polio, tetanus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in 87 patients. Patients with hematologic malignancies were randomized to receive marrow versus blood stem cells, which contain approximately 10 times more lymphocytes than marrow. Blood stem cell recipients did not have higher antibody levels than marrow recipients. Recipient pretransplantation antibody levels were correlated with the posttransplantation levels, especially in the first 6 months after transplantation when the correlation coefficients typically exceeded 0.6. Donor pretransplantation antibody levels had less of a correlation with posttransplantation levels in the recipient. Patient or donor age, total body irradiation, and graft-versus-host disease or its treatment appeared to have no effect. In conclusion, antibody levels in the first year after transplantation are affected primarily by pretransplantation antibody levels in the recipient and, to a lesser degree, in the donor. These findings suggest that immunization of the recipient and the donor before transplantation may be more effective in improving antibody immunity after transplantation than manipulating graft-versus-host disease, changing conditioning, or increasing the number of lymphocytes in the graft.
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PMID:Factors affecting antibody levels after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. 1250 30

Although people with bacterial meningitis lack adequate protective antibody against the invading pathogen, most do not have an underlying immunodeficiency. Certain comorbid conditions increase the risk for development of bacterial sepsis and meningitis. In addition, certain congenital complement deficiencies, defects of antibody production, or asplenia may be first recognized by the occurrence of bacterial meningitis, particularly when it occurs in infants or young children. Deficiencies of the terminal components of complement (C5-C9) or properdin have been associated with recurrent or invasive neisserial infections, and asplenia, agammaglobulinemia, and deficiencies of the early components of complement (e.g., C1-C3) are associated with risks of infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and meningococci. The presence of congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies should be considered in persons who present with bacterial meningitis on the basis of the etiology, clinical epidemiology, and presence of other risk factors.
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PMID:Indications for the immunological evaluation of patients with meningitis. 1252 51

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether HIV-infected patients, a group that is supposedly at risk for infection with antibiotic-resistant microbes, really does so, and to assess possible risk factors for acquiring these organisms. During the period from January 1998 to July 1999, samples of normal flora were obtained from 107 HIV-infected patients attending an outpatient clinic in Oslo, Norway. The samples were cultured for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, coagulase-negative staphylococci and Candida spp., and the resulting isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. The patients studied represented all stages of HIV infection, from recently infected to severely immunocompromised. Samples were taken at one, two or three time-points to determine whether antimicrobial resistance in colonising microorganisms increases over time. Antimicrobial resistance was linked primarily to antimicrobial prophylaxis, but it did not increase during the observation period. The level of a patient's immunodeficiency and the consequently intensified medical care was also of some importance. Even though about 50% of the patients were receiving antimicrobial agents at the time of sampling, the level of resistance found in these patients was very similar to that found in other patient groups in Norway; except for Candida albicans isolates, which were less susceptible to fluconazole. Overall, antimicrobial resistance was uncommon in the HIV-seropositive patients studied, a finding that is probably related to the overall low prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in the general population in Norway.
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PMID:Do HIV-seropositive patients become colonised with drug-resistant microorganisms? 1252 20

Mutations in the gene encoding for a de novo methyltransferase, DNMT3B, lead to an autosomal recessive Immunodeficiency, Centromeric instability and Facial anomalies (ICF) syndrome. To analyse the protein structure and consequences of ICF-causing mutations, we modelled the structure of the DNMT3B methyltransferase domain based on Haemophilus haemolyticus protein in complex with the cofactor AdoMet and the target DNA sequence. The structural model has a two-subdomain fold where the DNA-binding region is situated between the subdomains on a surface cleft having positive electrostatic potential. The smaller subdomains of the methyltransferases differ in length and sequences and therefore only the target recognition domain loop was modelled to show the location of an ICF-causing mutation. Based on the model, the DNMT3B recognizes the GC sequence and flips the cytosine from the double-stranded DNA to the catalytic pocket. The amino acids in the cofactor and target cytosine binding sites and also the electrostatic properties of the binding pockets are conserved. In addition, a registry of all known ICF-causing mutations, DNMT3Bbase, was constructed. The structural principles of the pathogenic mutations based on the modelled structure and the analysis of chi angle rotation changes of mutated side chains are discussed.
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PMID:Structural basis of ICF-causing mutations in the methyltransferase domain of DNMT3B. 1260 Nov 40

A 32-year-old male was admitted to our hospital complaining of fever and dyspnea on effort. Laboratory data on admission indicated leukocytosis and elevation of C-reactive protein. A chest radiograph showed diffuse reticulonodular shadows in both lower lung fields, and a chest computed tomography showed centrilobular reticulonodular opacity. Bronchoscopic findings revealed a large amount of slightly yellowish secretion in all bronchi. Cells found in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) included 61% neutrophils. Haemophilus influenzae was isolated from cultures of the BALF and sputum. Transtracheal lung biopsy specimens showed focal infiltration of neutrophils in the alveoli, and the pathological findings in the lung were compatible with bronchiolopneumonia. Since the CD4/CD8 ratio was 0.09 and a positive reaction was obtained for anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody, HIV-associated pneumonia due to H. influenzae was diagnosed. Seven days' administration of cefozopran improved the patient's condition. It is interesting that radiological findings are often unusual in HIV-infected patients with H. influenzae pneumonia.
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PMID:[A case of AIDS-associated Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia with diffuse reticulonodular shadows]. 1264 13

Objectives: To study etiological, epidemiological and clinical features of 97 cases of acute meningitis. Methods: Ninety-seven cases of acute meningitis were examined in adult HIV-negative patients admitted to the Infectious Diseases Unit of the Azienda Ospedale-Universita S. Anna in Ferrara. Demographic, etiological, epidemiological and clinical data were analyzed. Results: All cases were divided into two groups according to the macroscopic aspect of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): purulent CSF (50 cases) or non-purulent CSF (47 cases). Purulent CSF meningitis more frequently affected male patients (64% vs 47%) and older patients (average 52 vs 44 years). The main epidemiological features in both groups were underlying bacterial diseases (i.e. otomastoiditis and/or sinusitis in 50% of pneumococcal meningitis) and iatrogenic immunodeficiency. From a clinical point of view the following alterations in the state of consciousness (stupor, confusion and coma) were most frequently found in purulent meningitis. The following non purulent forms of meningitis were diagnosed: 5 tubercular, 3 viral infections, 2 by Listeria monocytogenes, 1 by Entoameba histolytica, 1 by Cryptococcus neoformans and 35 (74,4%) unknown causes. Purulent meningitis were: 20 (40%) Streptococcus pneumoniae, 10 Neisseria meningitidis, 3 Staphylococcus aureus, 2 Escherichia coli, 1 Haemophilus influenzae and 1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa; 13 cases were unidentified. From 1989 to 1993 and from 1994-98 both groups of meningitis increased; respectively from 17 to 30 cases for non-purulent meningitis and from 18 to 32 cases for purulent meningitis. Meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae increased from 27.7% to 46.8% during the period 1994-98. Conclusions: The study shows the high incidence of pneumococcal meningitis, during 1994-98, because a large number of patients with sinusitis and otomastoiditis were observed. The incidence of meningococcal meningitis appears stable. These data confirm the importance of timely diagnosis and correct therapy for such infections with reserved prognosis.
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PMID:[Current epidemiological and clinical features meningitis in a northern Italian area] 1271 95


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