Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recent studies using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have identified bacterial and viral genomic sequences in culture-negative pediatric middle ear effusions. To evaluate this technique in adults, 19 effusions were analyzed to compare bacterial and viral culture and PCR detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and adenovirus. Effusions from 4 subjects positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were analyzed by PCR for HIV virus. Three of 19 effusions were culture-positive for bacteria, and 0 of 19 for viruses. Fifteen of 19 effusions were PCR-positive for bacterial genomic sequences, and 0 of 19 for adenovirus. Thirteen of 15 PCR-positive specimens demonstrated S pneumoniae, 5 of 15 H influenzae, and 0 of 13 M catarrhalis. All 4 effusions from HIV-positive subjects were PCR-positive for HIV. No effusion was culture-positive and PCR-negative. These results confirm that culture-negative middle ear effusions contain genomic sequences from bacterial pathogens. Finding of HIV RNA and DNA in effusion from HIV-positives suggests replicating virus in this fluid.
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PMID:Analysis of adult otitis media: polymerase chain reaction versus culture for bacteria and viruses. 943 82

We analyzed T-cell responses to mitogens and antigens and B-cell differentiation in response to T-cell dependent (TCD) and independent stimuli in 22 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children (1 to 9 years of age) according to the presence of protective humoral immunity at a mean time of 18 months after vaccination with Haemophilus influenzae type b, hepatitis B, diphtheria, and tetanus vaccines. The 17 vaccine responders had a mean of 3.2 responses. However, their antibody levels were lower compared with healthy children. The 5 nonresponders had a mean of 0.84 responses. There were no significant differences between responders and nonresponders regarding age, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) disease class, CDC immunologic class, serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels, or in the use of antiretroviral therapy. However, responders tended to have higher age-adjusted absolute CD4 cell counts than nonresponders (p = 0.07). Nonetheless, there was no correlation between antibody levels and age-adjusted CD4 counts for each of the 4 TCD vaccines. Responders had conserved lymphoproliferative responses to mitogens and to candida antigen; 7 (41%) had normal responses to tetanus antigen. While nonresponders had some conserved responses to mitogens, only 1 had a response to antigen. Thirteen responders (77%) and only 1 nonresponder (20%) had normal responses to at least 2 of the 3 mitogens and 1 of the 2 antigens (p = 0.04). Although defects in B-cell differentiation were detected in both groups, they were profound and generalized in the nonresponders. Fourteen responders (82%) had at least 1 normal B-cell response compared with none of the 5 nonresponders (p = 0.002). There were no correlations between normal lymphoproliferative responses and age, CD4 counts, serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels, or the use of antiretroviral therapy. Immunologic function is important in the evaluation of HIV-infected children.
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PMID:Correlation of in vitro T-cell and B-cell function with responses to childhood vaccines in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. 947 50

We prospectively studied features of pyogenic bacterial pneumonia in 263 consecutive human immunodeficiency virus-infected inpatients over a 6-month study period. Risk factors for bacterial pneumonia were examined by a case-control study that included 33 cases who presented with at least one episode of bacterial pneumonia and 80 controls without bacterial pneumonia. The estimated cumulative incidence of bacterial pneumonia per year was 12.5 cases per 100 inpatients (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.8-17.2). The 38 episodes of bacterial pneumonia that occurred in the 33 inpatients were mainly unilateral, but 32 episodes were patchy lobar or diffuse infiltrates. Microbiological etiologies were obtained in 33 of the 38 episodes of bacterial pneumonia. Thirty-seven pathogens were identified, including Streptococcus pneumoniae (16, of which 12 had a decreased susceptibility to penicillin), Haemophilus influenzae (6), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6). The risk factors for bacterial pneumonia that were identified after logistic regression included prior sinusitis within 1 month before admission (odds ratio [OR], 3.2; 95% CI, 1.1-9.1) and prior bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract within 6 months before admission (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.1-8.3).
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PMID:Pyogenic bacterial pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected inpatients: a clinical, radiological, microbiological, and epidemiological study. 1006 68

Reports pertinent to bacterial arthritis in 1997 included two large, multi-year surveys of joint infection in patients from defined European health districts, noting trends including the declining incidence of gonococcal arthritis and an increasing number of prosthetic joint infections. Children with infected joints generally fare better than adults despite having proportionately more infections due to gram-negative organisms, of which Hemophilus influenzae comprises an ever smaller portion as the fastidious Kingella kingea is emerging. Joint infections remain an uncommon complication of immunodeficiency due to HIV, with responsible agents, affected sites, and clinical course also influenced by certain HIV comorbidities such as intravenous drug user and hemophilia. The rare immunodeficient patient with hypogammaglobulinemia retains a nearly unique susceptibility to joint infection with mycoplasmas, which can cause considerable morbidity if not promptly recognized and treated. Polymerase chain reaction can detect remnants of bacteria in the face of negative conventional cultures, but inoculation of synovial fluid into blood cultures bottles may be a more immediate and practical method to increase the yield in suspected septic arthritis.
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PMID:Bacterial arthritis. 972 94

Patients with aids are at increased risk of opportunistic and non opportunistic infections. It is now known that the incidence can be reduced by prophylactic measures and/or the use of vaccines. HIV infection produces an elevated frequency of severe pneumococcal disease with a rate of bacteriemia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae 150-300 fold greater than rates reported in non-HIV infected people. For this reason, pneumococcal vaccine should be administered as early as possible in the course of the infection. Besides, the antibody response may be significantly higher for asymptomatic persons. Acute hepatitis caused by hepatitis B virus is milder than in non HIV infected patients but chronic disease is more frequent. The prognosis is worse and there is higher risk for infecting another persons. Hepatitis B vaccine is indicated for all the patients with HIV and negative serology for hepatitis B virus. Influenza vaccine is of limited effectiveness due to the high variability of the virus. Besides, influenza incidence is low among approximately young adults, HIV related immunodeficiency increased influenza risk only minimally, the vaccine is administered yearly and HIV-replication can increase in temporal association with vaccination. For all these reasons, fewer hospitalizations and deaths are prevented making it a far less cost-effective prevention strategy than pneumococcal vaccination. The risk of Haemophilus influenzae infections is elevated, but the vaccine is not routinely recommended because the more frequent serotype in HIV infected patients is b. For these subjects, passive immunization with immunoglobulin may also be necessary to provide protection. In conclusion, pneumococcal and hepatitis B vaccination is a reasonable prevention strategy for HIV infected patients at all stages of immunodeficiency. Influenza and H. influenzae vaccination are not recommended and alternative prevention strategies may be done.
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PMID:[Which are the vaccines that human immunodeficiency virus infected patients must receive?]. 978 Apr 28

People infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at increased risk for bacterial infections due to HIV-associated immunologic defects. Bacterial infections were found to be, both a predictor of progression to AIDS and a substantial cause of mortality in pre-AIDS stages. Most bacterial infections are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Rhodococcus equi, Nocardia spp., Campylobacter spp. and Bartonella spp. are less common. Data derived from two AIDS Clinical Trials Group studies showed that the most common bacterial infections were sinusitis (8.5 per 100 episodes per person years [py]), bacterial pneumonia (5.0 per 100 py), bronchitis (4.1 per 100 py) and soft tissue infections (3.5 per 100 py). In this review clinical characteristics and treatment recommendations according to data available in the literature for these infections are summarized.
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PMID:[Other infections (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Nocardia asteroides, Rhodococcus equi and Bartonella spp.)]. 985 21

Surveillance for disease is one of the cornerstones of public health practice in the United States. Surveillance, particularly for infectious diseases, has allowed the detection of outbreaks and provided for the long-term monitoring of disease incidence. In New Mexico, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) surveillance is characterized as one of the most comprehensive surveillance systems for an infectious disease to be found anywhere. The success of this system is largely a result of state and federal resources and a good partnership with the AIDS/human immunodeficiency virus health care providers. Surveillance for Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) has demonstrated a remarkable decline in disease incidence in the state especially since the use of second generation Hib capsular polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. In contrast, surveillance for hepatitis A has demonstrated a significant public health problem that is largely not being addressed by current control measures.
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PMID:Overcoming barriers and reaping the benefits of surveillance for infectious diseases: the New Mexico perspective. 1018 91

Viruses and bacteria in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, protected specimen brush samples, and bronchial biopsies from 14 patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia (11 patients with common variable immunodeficiency [CVID] and three patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia [XLA]) were analyzed. At the time of the study, the patients had no signs of acute respiratory infections, and no antibiotics were administered. In addition to routine bacterial and viral cultures, polymerase chain reaction tests were used for the detection of adenovirus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus 1, enterovirus, rhinovirus, Borrelia burgdorferi, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella spp., Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pneumocystis carinii, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Viruses (four adenoviruses, one CMV, and one rhinovirus) were detected in four of the 11 (36%) CVID patients. No viruses were found in the three patients with XLA or in 13 control patients. Bacteria from the lower respiratory tract were detected in nine of the 14 (64%) patients with hypogammaglobulinemia and three of the 13 (23%) control patients. Haemophilus influenzae was the most prevalent bacterium (43%) in the hypogammaglobulinemia patients. The study shows that patients with CVID harbor viral and bacterial infections in the lower respiratory tract, which may predispose to the development of changes in the respiratory tract.
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PMID:Viruses and bacteria in bronchial samples from patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia. 1019 66

Studies of immune function in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children are important, because functional abnormalities can precede CD4+ T-cell loss and are associated with the development of opportunistic and bacterial infections. We sought to correlate clinical parameters and immunological function with HIV RNA plasma levels in 20 children. HIV RNA levels were measured by a polymerase chain reaction assay. We analyzed T-cell responses to mitogens (phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed [PWM]) and antigens (tetanus toxoid and Candida albicans); T-cell suppressor activity; and humoral immunity to Haemophilus influenzae, hepatitis B, tetanus, and diphtheria vaccines. The median age of the children was 6 years. Eight children had HIV RNA levels less than 200 to 9621 copies per milliliter (group I). Four children had 37,970 to 82,630 copies per milliliter (group II). Eight children had 102,100 to 191,200 copies per milliliter (group III). There were no differences in the HIV-related complications between group I and II children. Group I/II children had significantly higher CD4+ T-cell counts (P = 0.02), less symptomatic HIV disease (P = 0.005), and more detectable protective vaccine immunity (P = 0.014) compared with group III children. Responses to mitogens were conserved in most children. Group I children tended to have higher responses to tetanus toxoid than group II children and significantly higher responses than group III children (P = 0.01). Group I had significantly higher responses to C. albicans than groups II (P = 0.016) and III (P = 0.001). Group I/II children tended to have lower suppressor activity compared with group III children (median, 0 vs 64%). We demonstrated that humoral and cellular immune dysfunction exists at all stages of disease in HIV-infected children but was most severe in children with greater than or equal to 100,000 HIV RNA copies per milliliter. Function was the most intact in children with less than 10,000 copies per milliliter.
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PMID:Correlation of clinical parameters and immunological function with human immunodeficiency virus plasma viremia in children. 1041 60

Although Haemophilus influenzae is a common etiologic agent of pneumonia in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the characteristics of this pneumonia have not been adequately assessed. We have prospectively studied features of H. influenzae pneumonia in 26 consecutive HIV-infected inpatients. Most of these patients were severely immunosuppressed; 73.1% had a CD4+ cell count <100/microL. A subacute clinical presentation was observed in 27% of the patients and was associated with a higher degree of immunosuppression (P=.04). Bilateral lung infiltrates were noted radiographically in 57.7% of the cases. The mortality attributable to H. influenzae pneumonia was 11.5%. Thus, pneumonia caused by H. influenzae affects mainly patients with advanced HIV disease, and since its clinical and radiological features may be diverse, this etiology should be considered when pneumonia occurs in patients with advanced HIV infection. The mortality rate associated with H. influenzae pneumonia is not higher than that occurring in the general population.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. The Grupo Andaluz para el Estudio de las Enfermedades Infecciosas. 1072 28


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