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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Antibody responses in recent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroconverters to 2 vaccines were studied. Twenty patients infected with HIV for < 18 months and 15 HIV-seronegative controls were vaccinated with the 23-valent pure polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine and the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) capsular polysaccharide diphtheria CRM197 protein toxoid conjugate vaccine in separate arms. Despite increased levels of total serum IgG, recent seroconverters and controls showed similar specific IgG responses for 6 of 7 antigens. Baseline levels were equivalent in both groups, as were peak levels of IgG at 1 month to conjugated polysaccharide (Hib), delayed-type hypersensitivity, and pneumococcal capsular serotypes 4, 6B, 12F, and 14. At 6 months, IgG levels were similar for 4 of 7 antigens. Antibody responses to pure pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides and to a protein recall antigen were most often similar among recent seroconverters and seronegative controls. Both total levels and fold-rises of IgG to the Hib conjugate were similar in the 2 groups. Immunization of HIV-infected patients soon after seroconversion rather than later appears to improve antibody responses.
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PMID:Response of recent human immunodeficiency virus seroconverters to the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine. 775 96

Early intervention for persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) involves characterization of the stage of HIV disease, institution of therapy to prevent associated infections and postpone deterioration of immune function, and assistance in preventing transmission of the virus. This review examines the available data on the efficacy of current recommendations regarding the evaluation and management of persons with early HIV infection. Existing evidence supports the efficacy of physical examination, monitoring of the CD4+ cell count, tuberculin testing (with chemotherapy for persons who test positive), anergy testing, Papanicolaou testing and screening for gonorrhea and chlamydial infection (for high-risk women), screening for syphilis, antiretroviral therapy (for symptomatic patients), and guidance in reducing the transmission of HIV. Recommended measures for which evidence of clinical efficacy is less certain include immunization against infections due to influenza virus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and hepatitis B virus as well as antiretroviral therapy for asymptomatic persons. Quantitative measurement of viral titers appears promising for the monitoring of HIV disease and antiretroviral therapy; the correlations of these titers with clinical end points need to be confirmed.
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PMID:Early intervention for persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. 779 7

Haemophilus influenzae is a major bacterial pathogen in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), although most infections with this organism occur in the respiratory tract. We describe an adult with HIV infection who presented with epididymo-orchitis due to H. influenzae. Eleven prior cases of H. influenzae epididymo-orchitis have been published, but all of these cases occurred in pediatric patients. Little is known about the prevalence of genitourinary tract infections caused by H. influenzae among adults. H. influenzae is a relatively rare cause of bacteremia in adults, but the frequency of H. influenzae bacteremia has been increasing among the HIV-positive population.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae epididymo-orchitis and bacteremia in a man infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. 780 47

We studied immunity to Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) polysaccharide capsule in 19 children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) immunized with a single dose of a Hib vaccine at a mean age of 28 months (range, 15 to 56 months). Four to eighty-five months after immunization, only 7 children (37%) were immune. There were no significant differences in the HIV classification of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, type of conjugate vaccine, age at vaccination or serologic testing, time from vaccination to antibody determination, and CD4 cell counts between children with and those without immunity.
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PMID:Immunity to Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide capsule in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection immunized with a single dose of Haemophilus vaccine. 802 91

The host-parasite relationship in the nasopharynx of young children with bacterial colonization and antigen uptake in the mucosa and lymphatic tissue provides an opportunity to investigate infectious/inflammatory processes and responses. IL-1 beta, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were analysed in nasopharyngeal secretions and serum from children with or without recurrent episodes of acute otitis media, from healthy adults and adults with or without recurrent episodes of acute otitis media, from healthy adults and adults with hypogammaglobulinaemia or selective deficiency of IgG3. Nasopharyngeal secretions generally contained substantial amounts of IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha. In contrast, IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha were not detectable in sera on the same occasion. Children were found to have higher levels of IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha than healthy adults and than adults with immunodeficiency. High levels of IL-1 beta were associated with low or undetectable levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha, whereas the opposite pattern was seen in association with low levels of IL-1 beta. This was especially true for children with recurrent episodes of acute otitis media (RAOM). In children with nasopharyngeal colonization with Haemophilus influenzae, significantly higher levels of IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha (P = 0.0001, respectively) were found compared with non-colonized children. Notably, the RAOM children exhibited significantly lower levels of IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in nasopharyngeal secretions (P = 0.0001, 0.01 and 0.0001, respectively) than healthy children. These results demonstrate local production of inflammatory cytokines in nasopharynx, related to bacterial colonization, and suggest that children with RAOM are poor nasopharyngeal cytokine producers.
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PMID:Cytokines in nasopharyngeal secretions; evidence for defective IL-1 beta production in children with recurrent episodes of acute otitis media. 808 94

Antibodies directed to capsular polysaccharides form an essential component in the defence against infections with encapsulated bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Immune responses to polysaccharide antigens can occur in the absence of a functional thymus and the antigens are therefore designated as thymus independent. However, regulatory T cells may influence the magnitude of the antibody response to capsular polysaccharide antigens. So-called thymus independent type 2 antigens share several features of their immune response such as late development of antibody synthesis in ontogeny, no memory formation and a restricted isotype (IgM, IgG2) and idiotype usage. In infants and young children up to the age of 2 years the antibody response to capsular polysaccharides is inadequate resulting in an increased incidence of diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, otitis and other forms of bacteremic disease. Anti-capsular polysaccharide antibody deficiency does occur in a number of well defined immunodeficiency syndromes including hypo- or agammaglobulinaemia, selective IgA and/or IgG subclass deficiency, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, DiGeorge anomaly and also in acquired immune deficiencies such as AIDS, and some forms of lymphoid malignancies. In elderly and in conditions such as splenectomy an increased incidence of infections with encapsulated bacteria does occur, sometimes but not always on basis of a defect in antibody formation. Clinicians are often confronted with young patients older than 2 years of age suffering from recurrent severe bacterial infections of the respiratory tract. In these patients no overt immunodeficiency is demonstrable but recent results indicated that a small percentage may show a selective defect in the antibody response since upon vaccination with polysaccharide vaccines no increase in antibody titer does occur. Though antibodies to polysaccharide antigens in young children are mainly of the IgM and IgG1 (IgG3) isotype, in older children and adults the polysaccharide antibodies are predominantly localized in the IgG2 subclass. The bridge between IgG2 type antibodies and phagocytosis of encapsulated bacteria is constituted by Fc gamma receptors for IgG2 on effector cells. The recent finding that allotypes of Fc gamma RIIa do exist that either bind or do not bind IgG2 type antibodies strongly suggests that the defence of a given individual to encapsulated bacteria apart from an intact antibody formation and the complement system also is determined by the allotype of the appropriate Fc gamma receptor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Immunodeficiency 1993
PMID:Anti-capsular polysaccharide antibody deficiency states. 816 45

Prior to the introduction of conjugate vaccines, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was the leading cause of severe invasive infections in young children, in Switzerland as in other countries. From 1976 to 1990, 150 children were treated for Hib meningitis at the Children's Hospital of Lucerne, corresponding to an annual incidence of 9.2 cases per 100,000 children aged under 15 years. In the same time period, the case fatality rate for meningitis was 4%. 87.3% of the meningitis cases occurred among children aged under 5 years. For this age group an annual incidence of 26.4 cases per 100,000 children was calculated. From 1979 to 1990, 141 children were hospitalized for epiglottitis, corresponding to an annual incidence of 10.9 cases per 100,000 children aged under 15. The introduction of conjugated vaccines resulted in a significant reduction in the frequency of invasive Hib disease. From 1991 to 1992, 9 cases each of meningitis and epiglottitis were observed. In 1993, only one case of meningitis and 2 cases of epiglottitis were seen. For children under 15 years these 21 cases represent annual incidences of 3.2 cases of meningitis and 3.6 cases of epiglottitis per 100,000 children. 2 of 10 meningitis cases occurred in twice vaccinated children under 2 years of age with no signs of immunodeficiency, and another case was seen in a 5-month-old infant vaccinated with only one dose. Assuming a vaccination coverage of 70% among children under 5 during the years 1991 and 1992, the calculated efficacy is 80 to 85% for the vaccine PRP-D in this predominantly affected age group during the period when only this vaccine was available.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Effect of conjugated PRP vaccines on the incidence of invasive diseases caused by Haemophilus influenzae Type B in childhood]. 818 97

Bacterial infections, including those that cause infection in the healthy host as well as those that are more opportunistic, occur very commonly among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Bacterial infections are a direct result of the severe humoral and cellular immune defects found in these patients. Epidemiologic factors such as intravenous drug use and stage of HIV infection may also play important roles. Pulmonary, bloodstream, gastrointestinal, central nervous system, skin and soft tissue, and catheter-related infections are common, as are endocarditis, prostatitis, and others. Frequently reported pathogens are common organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and enteric gram-negative pathogens, as well as less typical ones such as Listeria monocytogenes and Nocardia sp. The frequency of infection is specific to organ system and pathogen, often being many times higher than in immunocompetent hosts. Prompt recognition and aggressive therapy are required to reduce morbidity and mortality due to these infections.
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PMID:Neglected pathogens: bacterial infections in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection. A review of the literature (1). 824 8

Individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are more susceptible to bacterial infections because of defects in both cellular and humoral immunity. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are the most common causes of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. However, more unusual bacteria can also cause pneumonia. Response to therapy is generally good for infections caused by pyogenic organisms, and complications are relatively few. Unfortunately, infections caused by Rhodococcus equi and Nocardia species are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Moreover, the duration of therapy is long, and relapes are common. Prevention of bacterial pneumonia is an important part of the care of HIV-infected patients; the 23 valent pneumococcal vaccine is currently recommended for all HIV-infected patients. The role of other preventative measures remains unknown.
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PMID:Bacterial pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. 827 78

Haemophilus influenzae type b causes considerable morbidity and mortality in infants and young children. Immunity to this organism has been attributed in part to the formation, and increase with age, of antibodies to the capsular polysaccharide of the bacteria. A degree of immunodeficiency could explain why some infants and young children develop invasive haemophilus disease. In this study we investigated immunocompetence in ten infants with invasive haemophilus disease. We found normal lymphocyte mitogen responses, neutrophil iodination and bactericidal and fungicidal capacities in this group. While we found no deficiencies of any of the immunoglobulin classes, three patients had low concentrations of IgG4 and two of them had low concentrations of IgG2 as well. These findings suggest that in some infants who develop haemophilus infections, the measurement of IgG subclasses may reveal immune defects that would not otherwise be apparent.
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PMID:Low IgG4 concentrations in infants with Haemophilus influenzae type b infections. 834 48


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