Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Major advances in our understanding of the role of the neutrophil in host defense against periodontal organisms have been made through studies of localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP). Several lines of evidence suggest that LJP is an infectious process closely associated with Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) actinomycetemomitans as a causative agent, although other organisms may also participate. The immunologic profile of LJP patients suggests that a cell-associated neutrophil locomotory dysfunction is a key underlying immunodeficiency resulting in increased susceptibility to periodontal infection. In addition, LJP patients often exhibit cervical lymphadenopathy and IgG-hypergammaglobulinemia, and a markedly elevated antibody response to the infecting organism, A. actinomycetemcomitans, is found in the serum and crevicular fluid of most patients. Evaluation of the locomotory properties of LJP neutrophils shows that random migration and chemokinesis are normal; however, about 70% of the LJP patients suffer from a defect in chemotaxis, with their neutrophils responding poorly to bacterial chemotactic factors, synthetic chemotactic peptides, and complement fragments (C5a). Depressed chemotaxis of LJP neutrophils is paralleled by their reduced capacity to bind the synthetic chemotactic peptide N-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine (FMLP), as well as C5a. Furthermore, there is a reduction in the amount of glycoprotein 110, a neutrophil membrane matrix component and differentiation antigen which is associated with FMLP- and possibly also C5a-mediated chemotaxis. Reduction of C5a and of FMLP ligand binding, decreased expression of GP-110, and reduced neutrophil chemotaxis are consistent with a stem cell maturation error in LJP patients. This is further supported by studies demonstrating increased expression of CR2, the C3d/EBV receptor, on peripheral blood neutrophils of LJP patients. CR2 receptors are normally present on immature human neutrophils but are lost during the maturation process. These alterations in neutrophil surface components and their reduced chemotaxis may result from a genetically determined abnormality. Studies demonstrating the familial nature of both the neutrophil chemotactic disorder and the clinical entity represented by localized juvenile periodontitis point to a strong role for genetic determinants in the disease which affect neutrophil surface receptors.
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PMID:1985 Kreshover lecture. Molecular factors influencing neutrophil defects in periodontal disease. 302 65

A 3 1/2 year old girl presented with failure to thrive and a five month history of diarrhoea and recurrent cough. The results of sweat sodium tests suggested a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis; but atypical organisms were found (Haemophilus influenzae, Candida albicans, but no Staphylococcus aureus), she failed to respond to treatment, and her sweat sodium concentrations fell in response to fludrocortisone. She also had hyperglobulinaemia, neutropenia, and reduced numbers of T4 lymphocytes, which prompted the performance of a test for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This proved positive, and she was treated with co-trimoxazole, zidovudine, and human immunoglobulin. Both parents and two siblings were also positive for HIV, though all had normal sweat sodium concentrations. Children with symptoms suggestive of cystic fibrosis but who also show atypical features, as in this case, should have their HIV state checked.
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PMID:Abnormal sweat electrolytes in symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection in a child. 312 Oct 56

Forty-nine episodes of bacteremia and fungemia occurred in 38 of 336 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome seen at our institution since 1980. There were five types of infections. Infections commonly associated with a T-cell immunodeficiency disorder comprised 16 episodes and included those with Salmonella species, Listeria monocytogenes, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Histoplasma capsulatum. Infections commonly associated with a B-cell immunodeficiency disorder included those with Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Infections occurring with neutropenia were caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus faecalis. Other infections occurring in the hospital were caused by Candida albicans, Staphylococcus epidermidis, enteric gram-negative rods, Staphylococcus aureus, and mixed S. aureus and group G streptococcus. Other infections occurring out of the hospital included those with S. aureus, Clostridium perfringens, Shigella sonnei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and group B streptococcus. Because two thirds of the septicemias were caused by organisms other than T-cell opportunists, these pathogens should be anticipated during diagnostic evaluation and when formulating empiric therapy.
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PMID:Bacteremia and fungemia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 348 96

Indolent Haemophilus influenzae type B septic thrombophlebitis developed in a 14-year-old boy two weeks after completing a course of intravenous antibiotics administered via a "scalp-vein" needle for an unrelated infection. Presumably, the primary disease (common variable immunodeficiency) contributed to the simultaneous occurrence of this uncommon complication of scalp-vein needle use, with an unusual pathogen.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae septic thrombophlebitis following use of a "scalp-vein" needle. 660 88

Patients with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) have decreased capacity to mount relevant antibody responses upon immunization, and development of hypogammaglobulinemia is part of the natural history of the disease. We investigated the influence of histamine type-2 (H2) receptor blockade by ranitidine on the in vivo antibody production in B-CLL patients following vaccination. Anti-polysaccharide antibodies in B-CLL patients, vaccinated with a tetanus-toxoid conjugated vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type-B (Hib), reached long-term protective levels in more than 90% of B-CLL patients randomized to ranitidine treatment, as compared to 43% of the untreated patients (P = 0.024). No difference in the response to vaccination against influenza virus types A and B protein could be detected between the two groups. Plasma histamine levels were 2-fold to 20-fold higher in 23 out of 31 B-CLL patients, compared to normal controls, and these levels showed a significant positive correlation to disease duration. These findings indicate the possibility of improving in vivo antibody production against a highly relevant pathogen in B-CLL patients by histamine type-2 receptor blockade, and the combined finding of an immune-stimulatory effect of ranitidine and increased plasma histamine levels, strongly suggests the involvement of histamine in the pathogenesis of B-CLL immunodeficiency.
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PMID:Improved vaccination response during ranitidine treatment, and increased plasma histamine concentrations, in patients with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. 747 82

Roxithromycin is a derivative of the macrolide antibacterial erythromycin with in vitro antibacterial activity resembling that of the parent compound. The drug has activity against some Staphylococcus spp., many Streptococcus spp., Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila and Chlamydia trachomatis as well as many less common organisms. Measured using recently proposed guidelines, roxithromycin has in vitro activity against Haemophilus influenzae. In comparison with that of its parent compound, the pharmacokinetic profile of roxithromycin is characterised by high plasma, tissue and body fluid concentrations and a long half-life permitting an extended dosage interval. Roxithromycin has proven clinical efficacy in upper and lower respiratory infections, skin and soft tissue infections, urogenital infections and orodental infections, and appears to be as effective as more established treatments including erythromycin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefaclor. The drug has also shown promise in a variety of more specialised indications including opportunistic infections in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients and as part of a Helicobacter pylori eradication regimen. Roxithromycin is very well tolerated with an overall incidence of adverse events of approximately 4%. Thus, roxithromycin is an attractive therapeutic alternative in its established indications, especially when the option of once-daily administration is considered.
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PMID:Roxithromycin. An update of its antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use. 752 29

This cross-sectional and prospective one year study evaluated adults admitted to an inner city hospital with community-acquired pneumonia. The study used extensive diagnostic methods to evaluate the etiologies of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients with differing immunologic status. Of 385 study patients, concurrent problems associated with immunosuppression were noted in 221 (57%) patients, 180 of whom were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected. The five most common causes of community-acquired pneumonia were: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pneumocystis carinii, aspiration, Hemophilus influenzae, and gram-negative bacilli. Only 8.3% of patients had either Legionella, Chlamydia pneumoniae or Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Despite use of state-of-the-art diagnostic techniques, no diagnosis was made in 46 of 180 (25.6%) HIV-infected patients, 56 of 164 (34.1%) immunocompetent patients, and 20 of 41 (48.8%) non-HIV-infected immunosuppressed patients. The diagnostic yield of pre-antibiotic sputum culture for conventional bacteria was 99/155 (63.9%) compared to 52 of 169 patients (32.7%) with adequate post-antibiotic sputum culture (p < 0.0001). Although S. pneumonia continues to be the most commonly identified etiologic agent of community-acquired pneumonia, it is surpassed by P. carinii in the HIV-infected patient population. The apparent decline in the frequency of S. pneumoniae in our series presumably reflects administration of antibiotics prior to procurement of sputum culture. The paucity of atypical agents in this study support the current American Thoracic Society guidelines for selective use of macrolide therapy in immunocompetent adults hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Community-acquired pneumonia: impact of immune status. 755 87

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP) antibody responses to Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (HbOC) given at 2, 4 and 6 months of age were retrospectively compared in 23 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and 24 non-HIV-infected infants. HIV-infected infants were divided into those who were P1 (asymptomatic) or P2 (symptomatic) by 1 year of age. The P2 group was further divided into P2A (mildly symptomatic) and > P2A (rapidly symptomatic) by 1 year of age. The post-third HbOC dose geometric mean antibody titer to PRP was significantly lower in 12 P2 infants (0.43 microgram/ml) than either the 11 P1 infants (5.03 micrograms/ml, P < 0.05) or the 24 non-HIV infected infants (3.43 micrograms/ml, P < 0.05). Within the P2 group, the geometric mean antibody titer to PRP was significantly higher in 5 P2A infants (1.63 micrograms/ml) compared with 7 infants who were > P2A (0.17 microgram/ml, P < 0.05). After the third HbOC dose, PRP antibody titers were > or = 1.0 micrograms/ml for 4 of 12 P2 compared with 9 of 11 P1 infants (P < 0.05). Within the P2 group, PRP antibody titers were > 1.0 micrograms/ml for 4 of 5 P2A compared to 0 of 7 infants who were > P2A (P < 0.05). HIV-infected infants with PRP antibody titers > or = 1.0 micrograms/ml after the third HbOC dose had significantly higher mean CD4 counts (2842 cells/mm3) at the time of the third HbOC dose than those with lower PRP titers (1655 cells/mm3) (P < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate (HbOC) vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected infants. 763 8

A recent analysis demonstrated a change in incidence approaching 100% for diseases against which we routinely immunize in the United States. At present, measles, mumps, rubella, invasive Haemophilus disease, poliomyelitis, diphtheria and tetanus are well-controlled but not eliminated. Diseases that now pose special problems include pertussis, hepatitis A and B and varicella. The incidence of pertussis surged in 1994, possibly in part because of waning immunity in the immunized population. Acellular pertussis vaccines are available for booster doses in children but are not now recommended for adults. Licensure of acellular pertussis vaccines for primary immunization of infants is eagerly awaited. Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine has been licensed for more than 10 years but there has been little change in disease incidence in the United States. Routine immunization of infants is now recommended but concerns exist about cost and persistence of immunity into adolescence. Inactivated hepatitis A vaccines appear to be highly effective in preventing clinical hepatitis and controlling epidemics. Potential target populations include military personnel, day-care attendees and travelers. Hepatitis A vaccine may be recommended for all children after approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration and if a combination vaccine becomes available. A live, attenuated varicella vaccine developed in 1974 and unlicensed in the United States is safe and highly effective in preventing varicella in healthy and immunocompromised populations. It also appears to reduce subsequent development of herpes zoster. Vaccines against pneumococci (conjugate vaccine), respiratory syncytial virus, rotavirus, tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus are needed. Research and technology to develop these vaccines must be developed, and efficient delivery mechanisms must be created and implemented.
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PMID:Present and future challenges of immunizations on the health of our patients. 763 35

Antibody responses to Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate (ActHIB; Pasteur Merieux) and pneumococcal (Pneumovax II; Morson) vaccines were measured in 56 infected children (VI) and 44 uninfected children (U) older than 18 months of age, born to human immunodeficiency virus-positive mothers. Preimmunization, 21% U and 20% VI had protective concentrations of anti-Hib polysaccharide antibodies. Postimmunization, 100% U and 86% VI achieved protective titers (P = 0.008). The geometric mean increase in anti-Hib polysaccharide antibody was 7.6 (95% confidence interval, 3.5 to 16.3; P = 0.0001) times higher in U than in VI children after adjusting for age and ethnicity. Sixty-one percent U compared to 54% VI showed a 2-fold increase in antibody levels to at least one of the four pneumococcal vaccine serotypes (3, 6, 19, 23) measured (P = 0.4). For both vaccines there was a significant trend toward poorer responses in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome but no correlation with age adjusted CD4 counts. These data suggest that human immunodeficiency virus-infected children should be immunized with these polysaccharide vaccines early in the course of their disease.
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PMID:Antibody responses to Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccines in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. 774 95


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