Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis (LIP) is a rare complication of AIDS in adults. Patients with AIDS and LIP are at high risk for bacterial pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus. We have described an HIV-positive patient with LIP complicated by recurrent pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae; recurrence was apparently prevented by maintenance penicillin therapy.
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PMID:Recurrent pneumococcal pneumonia in an HIV-positive patient with lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis. 141 20

To determine the frequency and distribution of pneumonia in an intensive care unit (ICU), we retrospectively examined the records of 1,854 consecutive ICU admissions between January 1987 and April 1990. A total of 266 patients met criteria for pneumonia (unilateral or bilateral infiltrate by chest roentgenogram, plus 2 of the following: leukocyte count > 10 x 10(9) per liter, temperature > 38.5 degrees C, or culture of blood or sputum positive for pathogens). Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus was the most frequent cause (28%) precipitating an ICU admission in this series of patients. Streptococcus pneumoniae (13%), Staphylococcus aureus (8%), Haemophilus influenzae (4%), and viruses (4%) were also commonly observed. Overall mortality was 20%. An APACHE II score of greater than 24, the need for intubation, and the presence of P carinii were predictive of increased mortality. Age, sex, and length of stay did not predict final results. Patients with P carinii pneumonia who required intubation had an overall mortality of 54%, which was higher than patients without P carinii pneumonia who required intubation (P < .05). Our experience shows the changing spectrum of pneumonia in ICUs. In contrast to reports of a decade ago in which S pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are cited as most common, P carinii is now most prevalent in our ICU. Although our findings reflect the increasing incidence of human immunodeficiency virus infection in San Francisco, California, they may also be pertinent to other areas in the United States where the incidence of this infection continues to increase.
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PMID:The effect of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the distribution and outcome of pneumonia in intensive care units. 147 45

Purulent bronchitis was identified in 19 of 422 patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy during a 32-month period because of suspicion of an opportunistic lung infection complicating acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or human immunodeficiency virus infection. Five patients had Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, but other opportunistic lung infections were excluded in the remaining 14 patients. Characteristics of these 14 patients included fever (greater than 38.3 degrees C), cough, and dyspnea in 14 of 14 patients; purulence of expectorated sputum (11/14); and widened alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient (13/14). Rapid (2 +/- 1.4 days) clinical response (defervescence and resolution of pulmonary symptoms) occurred with antibiotic therapy in 10 of 14 patients. In three patients, there was no improvement, and adult respiratory distress syndrome developed. Bacterial isolates from bronchoalveolar lavage included Streptococcus viridans (n = 12), Haemophilus influenzae (n = 7), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 3). Roentgenographic features of bronchiectasis were present in seven patients. Differential cell counts revealed greater than 50% neutrophils in the bronchial washings of all patients with purulent bronchitis. Neutrophil percentages in bronchoalveolar lavage were as follows: patient with purulent bronchitis without P carinii pneumonia (n = 14), 54.53% +/- 29.18%; patients with purulent bronchitis and concomitant P carinii pneumonia (n = 5), 62% +/- 31.9%. In a control group of 17 patients with P carinii pneumonia who did not have purulent bronchitis, the neutrophil percentage was 6.8% +/- 6.17% (p = less than 0.00001, t-test). Purulent bronchitis appears to be a distinct, treatable entity in patients with HIV infection and may accompany bacterial pneumonia, bronchiectasis, and P carinii pneumonia.
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PMID:Bronchitis mimicking opportunistic lung infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection/AIDS. 151 86

In a retrospective analysis of all known HIV-positive patients admitted to the City Hospital before November 1989, 208 patients accounted for 612 admissions, 72% being injection drug users (IDUs). One hundred and eighty admissions (29%) were for chest-related disorders, and this was the commonest reason for admission. Unlike other U.K. centres where more than 50% chest problems are due to Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), only 27% of our chest admissions were for PCP. Fifty-four percent of chest admissions were for bacterial chest infections (BCIs), the commonest organism isolated being Haemophilus influenzae. Despite the fact that most (50/97) of these admissions were in patients with 'asymptomatic' HIV disease (CDC classification 2 and 3), 50% had radiological pneumonia, 43% were hypoxic, 28% were hypercapnic and the average duration of hospitalisation was 10 days. BCIs were more common in HIV-positive IDUs when compared with HIV-negative IDUs, other HIV-positive patients and the general age-matched population. Medical provision for IDU-related HIV disease should take into account the high rate of BCIs and of hospital admissions in patients who do not yet have CDC stage 4 disease.
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PMID:The spectrum of chest infections in HIV positive patients in Edinburgh. 154 16

Freedom from infection is the result of many tiers of immune defenses that harmoniously interact to rid the body of microorganisms and their products, which are perceived as foreign. The ability to distinguish self from nonself is embodied in lymphocytes, which serve both effector and regulatory functions. Through the elaboration of cytokines and immunoglobulins, lymphocytes recruit nonspecific immune effectors, focus their activity, and modulate the intensity of the immune response. The phylogenetically more primitive complement system serves a similar function. Although congenital defects in immune function occur, by far the most common causes of immunodeficiency are acquired and occur in patients treated for cancer with myelosuppressive, cytolytic drugs and in transplant recipients treated with immunosuppressants. HIV infection and malnutrition are responsible for even larger numbers of immunocompromised patients worldwide. The nature and severity of infections that occur as a result of immunodeficiency vary as a function of the immune effector targeted and the degree to which it is dysfunctional. Granulocytopenia is well tolerated unless the absolute number of circulating cells falls below 500/mm3. Profound granulocytopenia and deficits of neutrophil function are often manifest as bacterial or fungal infections. Complement deficiency predisposes to infection with encapsulated bacteria such as pneumococci, meningococci, and Haemophilus influenzae. T cells play such a central role in the immune response that their derangement is associated with susceptibility to almost any potential pathogen. These patients often succumb to mortal opportunistic infections. Recent advances in hybridoma and recombinant DNA technology have provided us with immunologic reagents that enable us to manipulate the immune response. Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody has permitted salvage of solid organ transplants in well-defined clinical settings. Monoclonal antibodies against TNF-alpha and lipopolysaccharide may alter the consequences of gram-negative sepsis. Alternatively, recombinant cytokines have been associated with clinically significant tumor regression in selected patients, presumably by enhancing the nascent antitumor immune response. The development of immunologic reagents such as these in concert with our growing understanding of the immune system may translate to improved care for immunocompromised patients.
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PMID:Immune function and dysfunction. A primer for the radiologist. 157 Mar 93

Naturally occurring antibodies to polysaccharide antigens of pathogens commonly isolated from HIV-1-infected subjects were analyzed in serially collected sera of children born to seropositive mothers. Purified polysaccharides from type 14 Streptococcus pneumoniae, group C Neisseria meningitidis, type b Haemophilus influenzae, glucomannoprotein from Candida albicans and diphtheria toxoid antigens were used in an ELISA test to assess antibody levels. A significant rise of anti-pneumococcus antibody titres was noticed both in HIV-1-infected and in non-HIV-1-infected children aged 18 months or more. Anti-C. albicans and anti-group C N. meningitidis antibodies were elevated only in HIV-1-infected children older than 12 months. Anti-type b H. influenzae antibodies remained at low titres in both groups. Anti-diphtheria toxoid antibodies, analyzed as a model of humoral response to a protein antigen, were similar in both groups of HIV-1-infected and noninfected children.
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PMID:Antibody production in infants born to HIV-1-infected mothers. 157 12

Choosing appropriate antimicrobial therapy for patients with pneumonia requires knowledge of the etiologic agents seen in specific kinds of patients at specific times and places. For community-acquired pneumonia, there is an important difference in the agents seen in the normal and the compromised host. The normal host most often presents with viral, mycoplasmal, or pneumococcal pneumonia. The exact place of Chlamydia pneumoniae is still under study. A normal host who aspirates is at risk of anaerobic pneumonia. Normal hosts with influenza may acquire superinfection with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, or Staphylococcus aureus. Under specific epidemiologic conditions, community-acquired pneumonia may be due to Legionella species, Yersinia pestis, Francisella tularensis, Coxiella burnetii, Chlamydia psittaci, a mycotic agent, or tuberculosis. Patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema are predisposed to H. influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and S. pneumoniae infections. HIV-infected patients are likely to have Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and pneumonia due to cytomegalovirus, S. pneumoniae, and H. influenzae. Patients with diabetes, nursing-home patients, hospitalized patients, immuno-compromised patients, and patients with recent antibiotic therapy are predisposed to pneumonia due to Gram-negative aerobic bacilli of enteric and environmental origin. Initial therapy should be directed at the likely organism or organisms based on hospital susceptibility surveillance. In the normal host with community-acquired pneumonia, the therapy will often be penicillin G or erythromycin. In the patient predisposed to Gram-negative pneumonia, a third-generation cephalosporin with or without an aminoglycoside is the usual choice.
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PMID:Pneumonia. Patient profiles, choice of empiric therapy, and the place of third-generation cephalosporins. 173 Jan 86

In the past decade, immunization rates among preschool-age children in the United States have decreased to levels lower than those in many developing countries. As a result, epidemics of vaccine-preventable diseases have occurred, especially in urban areas. Six of the infections prevented by immunization--those caused by Bordetella pertussis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type B, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, measles virus, and influenza virus--frequently cause respiratory tract disease. Pneumonia in children may have subtle presentations and require special considerations depending on the age and condition of the child and the current rate of disease in the community. In addition to the epidemics occurring throughout the country, the growing number of immunocompromised children has also influenced diagnostic, treatment, and prevention considerations. These patients include children with cancer, organ transplants, congenital immune disorders, sickle cell disease, human immunodeficiency virus infection, as well as other disorders that lead to increased risk of infection. The current recommendations for routine and special childhood immunizations are reviewed in this article.
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PMID:Vaccine-preventable respiratory infections in childhood. 180 99

Individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are more susceptible to bacterial infections because of defects in both cellular and humoral immunity. The most common causes of community-acquired pyogenic bacterial pneumonia in HIV-infected patients are Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. The clinical presentation of HIV-infected patients with pyogenic pneumonia does not seem to differ significantly from that of patients without HIV infection. Response to therapy is generally good, and complications relatively few. Prevention of bacterial pneumonia is very important in the care of HIV-infected persons. The pneumococcal vaccine is currently recommended for all HIV-seropositive individuals, although its efficacy is unknown is this setting. Other forms of prevention require further investigation but may prove to be helpful.
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PMID:Pyogenic bacterial pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 194 96

The incidence of bacterial pneumonia is increased in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and bacteremia and recurrences occur frequently. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are the most common pathogens, but several other organisms have now been identified as etiologies. Several abnormalities in B-cells and humoral immunity, and possibly neutropenia and white blood cell dysfunction, predispose to bacterial pneumonia. Despite the severity of pneumonia in HIV infection, most patients respond well to specific antimicrobial chemotherapy. Potential preventive measures include vaccines, immunoglobulin therapy, and antimicrobial prophylaxis.
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PMID:Bacterial pneumonia in the HIV-infected patient. 195 96


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