Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of 100 separate viral infections of the respiratory tract on pulmonary function was evaluated prospectively over an eight-year period in 84 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and in eight normal subjects. Some viral infections were associated with small acute declines in forced vital capacity and/or 1-sec forced expiratory volume of 25-300 ml. These declines were detectable only during the 90-day period after infection. The greatest abnormalities of pulmonary function followed infections with influenza virus, and the mean acute changes in 1-sec forced expiratory volume (-118.5 ml) were significantly greater than expected (-15.2 ml; P = 0.03). Smaller, statistically insignificant declines followed infections with parainfluenza virus, rhinovirus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus, and no changes were detectable after infections with coronavirus, herpes simplex virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. Long-term effects of influenza or other viral infections on the course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were not detected in this study population.
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PMID:Effect of viral infections on pulmonary function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. 676 94

During November 1990-October 1992 in Banjul, Gambia, providers at a hospital enrolled 159 children with pneumonia and 119 children without pneumonia, 119 well-nourished children with pneumonia, and 52 well-nourished children without pneumonia into a study examining the bacteriologic and virologic etiology of pneumonia. Pneumonia was more common among children with marasmic kwashiorkor (12% of all malnourished children) than among other malnourished children (53% vs. 33%; p 0.05). Most malnourished children (49%) were undernourished. 11% of all malnourished children had kwashiorkor. Laboratory personnel isolated bacteria from 28 (18%) malnourished children with pneumonia, 42 (35%) well-nourished children with pneumonia, and 5 (4%) malnourished children without pneumonia. Among all pneumonia cases, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were the most prevalent bacteria, especially among the well-nourished children (33% vs. 11%; p 0.001). They were not present in malnourished children without pneumonia. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated in 5 malnourished children with pneumonia. Pathogenic viruses were isolated more often from malnourished children with pneumonia and from well-nourished children with pneumonia than from children without pneumonia (35% and 40%, respectively, vs. 25%; p 0.01). Most common pathogenic viruses were adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). RSV was more common in well-nourished children with pneumonia than malnourished children with pneumonia (13% vs. 6%; p 0.05). Herpes simplex virus was more common in malnourished children with pneumonia than well-nourished children (6% vs. 2%). 25 children had both bacterial and viral pathogens. Only 4 children (all with pneumonia) had the measles virus. These findings suggest that S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae are probably the bacterial causes of pneumonia in both well-nourished and malnourished children in areas with rare cases of measles and kwashiorkor. In these areas, M. tuberculosis may be also a cause of pneumonia in malnourished children, especially if edema is present.
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PMID:The etiology of pneumonia in malnourished and well-nourished Gambian children. 858 32

Under certain circumstances, soluble antigens, particulate antigens, and/or microorganisms have been shown to bind to primate erythrocytes via complement receptor 1 (CR1) in the presence of specific antibodies and complement. This immune adherence reaction, specific for CR1, can lead to neutralization of antigens in the circulation and their subsequent clearance from the blood. The present experiments utilized cross-linked monoclonal antibody complexes (heteropolymers) with specificity for both CR1 and either 35S-labeled herpes simplex virus capsid or Haemophilus influenzae as prototype viral and bacterial particulate antigens, respectively. In each case, the respective specific heteropolymers facilitated binding of the target antigens (> or = 70 to 90%) in vitro to erythrocytes in the absence of complement. Several experimental protocols were employed to demonstrate that heteropolymers mediate specific, rapid (> or = 30 s), and quantitative binding of prototypical particulate pathogens to human and monkey erythrocytes but not to sheep erythrocytes, which lack CR1. These results extend the potential use of the erythrocyte-heteropolymer system to the neutralization and clearance of particulate viral and bacterial pathogens from the blood.
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PMID:Complement-independent binding of microorganisms to primate erythrocytes in vitro by cross-linked monoclonal antibodies via complement receptor 1. 789 Mar 90

Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) induces Fc- and C3b(i)-receptors on infected cells. The role of these receptors in bacterial superinfection was studied by comparing the adherence of non-opsonised and opsonised bacteria to HSV-infected and non-infected HEp-2 cells. A flow cytometric adherence assay, based on the fluorescent quantitation of FITC-labelled bacteria, was developed. Opsonisation of Staphylococcus epidermidis with human serum, resulted in a marked increase in adherence to HSV-infected cells and revealed a role for C3b(i)R- and FcR-mediated adhesion. However, the enhanced adherence never exceeded the level of attachment to non-infected cells. Increased adherence of other pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was not observed, indicating that the HSV-receptors play a minor role in secondary infections. Bacterial adhesion factors such as the fimbriae of E. coli played a more dominant role in the adherence of bacteria to HSV-infected cells.
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PMID:The role of HSV-induced Fc- and C3b (i)-receptors in bacterial adherence. 790 50

The levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were analyzed in 139 patients with meningitis and in 20 control subjects. Elevated concentrations were observed in 42 (82%) of 51 patients with purulent bacterial meningitis (18/24 Haemophilus influenzae, 13/14 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 7/7 Neisseria meningitidis, and 4/6 with other purulent bacterial etiology). In contrast, elevated levels were found in only 5 of 78 individuals with nonbacterial meningitis (2/8 with herpes simplex type 2, 3/3 with varicella-zoster virus). Thus, the positive and negative predictive values were 0.89 for indicating a purulent bacterial meningitis. Raised CSF TNF alpha levels were observed in 7 of 8 patients with purulent bacterial meningitis in whom the routinely used parameters did not unequivocally indicate the diagnosis. Moderately increased levels were seen in 5 of 6 patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis meningitis and in 1 of 4 cases of Borrelia burgdorferi. Thus, the present study indicates that concentrations of TNF alpha in CSF usually can discriminate between purulent bacterial and nonbacterial meningitis. These findings may contribute diagnostic guidance with routinely used CSF parameters.
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PMID:Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with meningitis of different etiologies: high levels of TNF alpha indicate bacterial meningitis. 845 Feb 54

The adjuvanticity of the phosphazene polymer, poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy) phosphazene] (PCPP) was examined with a diverse collection of immunogens. PCPP proved to be a potent adjuvant for trivalent influenza virus vaccine, tetanus toxoid, hepatitis B surface antigen, herpes simplex virus glycoprotein gD2 and the capsular polysaccharide, polyribosylribitolphosphate, from Haemophilus influenzae type b. Taken together these results clearly demonstrate the general utility of PCPP as an adjuvant. Furthermore, PCPP was a superior adjuvant at least with TT compared to similar negatively charged polyanions, polymethylacrylic acid and polyacrylic acid.
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PMID:PCPP as a parenteral adjuvant for diverse antigens. 955 61

Viruses and bacteria in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, protected specimen brush samples, and bronchial biopsies from 14 patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia (11 patients with common variable immunodeficiency [CVID] and three patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia [XLA]) were analyzed. At the time of the study, the patients had no signs of acute respiratory infections, and no antibiotics were administered. In addition to routine bacterial and viral cultures, polymerase chain reaction tests were used for the detection of adenovirus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus 1, enterovirus, rhinovirus, Borrelia burgdorferi, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella spp., Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pneumocystis carinii, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Viruses (four adenoviruses, one CMV, and one rhinovirus) were detected in four of the 11 (36%) CVID patients. No viruses were found in the three patients with XLA or in 13 control patients. Bacteria from the lower respiratory tract were detected in nine of the 14 (64%) patients with hypogammaglobulinemia and three of the 13 (23%) control patients. Haemophilus influenzae was the most prevalent bacterium (43%) in the hypogammaglobulinemia patients. The study shows that patients with CVID harbor viral and bacterial infections in the lower respiratory tract, which may predispose to the development of changes in the respiratory tract.
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PMID:Viruses and bacteria in bronchial samples from patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia. 1019 66

The influence of gestational age, the neonate's birthweight, and maternal age, weight, height and parity on transplacental antibody transfer was assessed in 141 mothers from Sri Lanka and their neonates. Paired blood samples were collected from the mothers and the umbilical cords of the newborns. The sera separated from these samples were categorized as: preterm but adequate birthweight (< 37 weeks' gestation and birthweight > or = 2500 g); term but low birthweight (> or = 37 weeks' gestation and birthweight < 2500 g); or term and adequate birthweight (> or = 37 weeks' gestation and birthweight > or = 2500 g). Neonatal and maternal sera were assessed, in ELISA, for specific IgG antibodies against measles virus (MeV), herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV1), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), tetanus toxoid (TT), diphtheria toxoid (DT), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pn) and Haemophilus influenzae type-b (Hib) capsular antigens. Placental antibody transfer to certain antibody specificities was significantly lower in preterm neonates than term neonates. Thus the ratios between geometric mean cord antibody levels and geometric mean maternal antibody levels (the antibody-transfer ratios) were lower in preterm sera than term sera, for MeV (1.51 v. 2.03; P = 0.03), HSV1 (1.29 v. 1.76; P = 0.04), VZV (0.96 v. 2.50; P = 0.01), TT (1.13 v. 1.33; P = 0.04), DT (1.03 v. 2.39; P = 0.02), Pn (0.68 v. 0.98; P = 0.01) and Hib (0.58 v. 0.98; P = 0.00). Geometric mean levels of antibody to MeV, VZV, TT, DT and Pn were also significantly lower in preterm neonates than term. Compared with the values for 'adequate-birthweight' sera, low birthweight was independently associated with significantly lower levels of antibody transfer, for MeV (with antibody-transfer ratios of 1.51 v. 2.03; P = 0.02), VZV (0.99 v. 2.50; P = 0.03), TT (1.01 v. 1.33; P = 0.04) and DT (1.16 v. 2.39; P = 0.04) and significantly lower levels of antibodies to MeV, HSV1, VZV, TT, DT and Pn in the neonates. Maternal age, weight, height and parity had no independent influence on placental IgG transfer for antibodies to any of the pathogens investigated. These results demonstrate that prematurity and low birthweight may influence the level of maternally acquired immunity in Sri Lankan neonates.
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PMID:The influence of prematurity and low birthweight on transplacental antibody transfer in Sri Lanka. 1047 42

A novel non-ionic surfactant nanoemulsion designated 8N8 has been tested for its biocidal activity. One percent 8N8 produced effective bactericidal activity against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Vibrio cholerae in 15 minutes. In contrast, most enteric gram-negative bacteria were resistant to 8N8. One percent 8N8 was also virucidal within 15 minutes for all tested enveloped viruses, including Herpes simplex type 1, influenza A and vaccinia viruses. One percent 8N8 also demonstrated fungistatic activity on Candida albicans. The rapid and non-specific inactivation of vegetative bacteria and enveloped viruses, in addition to its fungistatic activity and low toxicity in experimental animals, makes 8N8 a potential candidate for use as a topical biocidal agent.
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PMID:A novel surfactant nanoemulsion with a unique non-irritant topical antimicrobial activity against bacteria, enveloped viruses and fungi. 1137 45

Damage to local and systemic host defenses of the lung makes the immunocompromised patient vulnerable to inhaled microorganisms. When a pulmonary infiltrate occurs, the array of possibilities is very large including conventional and opportunistic agents. The type of underlying disease and its associated immunodeficiency allow a high degree of accurate pathogen prediction. Neutropenia is associated with Gram-negative bacilli pneumonia. Prolonged neutropenia increases the risk of invasive aspergillosis and other unusual mycotic agents. Cellular immunodeficiency is associated with intracellular microorganisms including Mycobacteria spp., Nocardia spp., Legionella spp., Rhodococcus equi, cytomegalovirus, Strongyloides stercoralis, Toxoplasma gondii, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides spp., Cryptococcus neoformans and Pneumocystis carinii, parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii and Strongyloides stercoralis, and virus such as cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex or zoster, adenovirus, respiratory syncitial virus and measles. Humoral immunodeficiency predisposes to infection with encapsulated pathogens such as S. pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Chest computerized tomography scan and bronchoalveolar lavage are essential procedures for diagnosis. However, despite continuous progress in diagnostic methods, the specific etiology remains often unknown. Successful treatment depends on the type of pathogen, status of host defences and early adequate choice of antibiotic. Enhancement of host defences with growth factors and cytokines may decrease the incidence and improve the final outcome of respiratory infections in the immunocompromised host.
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PMID:[Respiratory infections during chemotherapy-induced aplasia]. 1142 9


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