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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) causes severe invasive infections in children such as meningitis and epiglottitis. Vaccines against Hib are now available. This article describes the background for the development of these vaccines and their composition, it presents available data on immunogenicity and protective efficacy and briefly discusses the need for their use in Denmark.
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PMID:[Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines]. 268 39

Adult patients with acute epiglottitis hospitalized between 1975 and 1988 were retrospectively analysed. 79 of 138 patients had a valid diagnosis and had delivered at least one blood culture and were considered eligible for further evaluation. Cultures from the upper airways, including epiglottis, were available in 43 of the patients as a consequence of prospective measures. 27% of the patients had bacteremia, which may however be an overestimation. Haemophilus influenzae was the predominating finding, but Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from 3 severely ill patients, indicating the existence of pneumococcal epiglottitis at a rate of less than 5%. From the non-bacteremic patients with a localized disease, either H. influenzae or beta-hemolytic streptococci were isolated from the epiglottis in one third of the cases. The distribution of pathogens in upper airways indicates that beta-hemolytic streptococci may have an etiological role in acute infectious epiglottitis. Except for H. influenzae, species with the potential ability of beta-lactamase production have no significance in the disease.
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PMID:Etiology of acute infectious epiglottitis in adults: septic vs. local infection. 272 28

Haemophilus influenzae type b invasive disease was reviewed in the Auckland paediatric population. A total of 205 episodes were confirmed by sterile cavity culture in 203 patients under 15 years of age over a seven year period. The incidence of invasive disease was 14/100,000/year in those under 15 years and 41/100,000/year in under 5 year olds. The age range was from 1 month to 11 years, with 91% under 5 years and 64% under 2 years. Most cases were due to meningitis (63%). Other diseases included epiglottitis, pneumonia, cellulitis, arthritis, and occult bacteraemia. There was only one fatality. Beta lactamase production was found in 9% of meningeal isolates. Recently a new conjugated haemophilus vaccine has been licensed in the United States for use in children 18 months and older. Consideration should be given to introducing this vaccine in New Zealand.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in Auckland children 1981-87. 278 46

The spectrum of severe Haemophilus influenzae type b disease exclusive of meningitis includes: epiglottitis, pneumonia, arthritis, septicemia, cellulitis and pericarditis. The results of a 7 year-epidemiologic study (Jan 1980 to Dec 1986) performed in 2 French departments are reported. Sixty-nine cases were detected, representing a yearly rate of 9/100,000 children aged 0 to 4 years. The real incidence is probably higher and was estimated as 11/100,000. In all of France, it corresponds to 382 annual cases and, more specifically to 60 to 70 annual cases of epiglottitis. No deaths were recorded and only 2 cases with minor sequelae were documented in this series. These results, as compared with those of previous studies, show that the incidence is lower than that in other countries, especially with regard to epiglottitis which is more frequent in North America and in Scandinavian countries.
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PMID:[Epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae type b infections (excluding meningitis) in 2 French departments]. 278 12

Laboratory and clinical studies on cefteram pivoxil(cefteram) a new cephem antibiotic, were carried out in the field of pediatrics. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Serum concentrations, urinary concentrations and urinary recovery rates of cefteram (CFTM) were determined upon oral administration after meal of cefteram pivoxil (CFTM-PI) at doses of 3 mg/kg granules in 2 cases and 6 mg/kg granules in 2. Peak serum levels of CFTM were obtained at 3 hours in 2 cases and 4 hours in 2 cases after administration of the drug with a range of 0.74-2.2 micrograms/ml with half-lives of 0.77-3.62 hours. Urinary recovery rates in 8 hours after administration ranged from 9.6-23.0%. 2. MICs of CFTM against 22 clinical isolates (Streptococcus pyogenes 4 strains, Streptococcus pneumoniae 4, Staphylococcus aureus 2, Branhamella catarrhalis 1, Haemophilus influenzae 8, Haemophilus parainfluenzae 1, and Escherichia coli 2) were compared with those of cefaclor (CCL), cephalexin (CEX), and ampicillin (ABPC). The antibacterial activity of CFTM was superior to those of CCL and CEX, and was superior against Gram-negative rods and equal against Gram-positive cocci to those of ABPC. 3. Twenty-six pediatric patients with acute infectious diseases (scarlet fever 3 cases, tonsillitis 7, epiglottitis 1, bronchitis 5, pneumonia 5, urinary tract infection 3, cervical lymphadenitis 2) were treated with CFTM-PI at daily doses of 9.3-15.3 mg/kg t.i.d. as a rule. The efficacy rates were 100% clinically and 70% bacteriologically. 4. Side effects or abnormal laboratory test values were not observed except for an increased platelet count in 1 case.
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PMID:[Laboratory and clinical studies on cefteram pivoxil in the field of pediatrics]. 281 Jul 48

We found that 41 of 75 (55%) children with Haemophilus influenzae type b disease (70 cases of meningitis, 2 of cellulitis, 2 of septic arthritis, and 1 of epiglottitis) and 2 of 120 (1.7%) children with upper respiratory infection were colonized with H. influenzae type b in the nasopharynx (NP). Of these 43 NP strains from children with systemic H. influenzae type b disease, 7 (16%) adhered to human buccal epithelial cells. The strains isolated from the systemic site of all children, including children from whose NP adherent bacteria were isolated, did not adhere to buccal epithelial cells in vitro. Each adherent NP strain had biotype (I), serotype (b), and antibiotic susceptibility (sensitive) similar to that of the corresponding nonadherent systemic isolate. With one exception, all NP-systemic pairs had similar major outer membrane proteins. Six of the seven NP strains had a protein band in the whole cell lysate preparation with a molecular weight between 22,000 and 23,000, which could not be seen in the nonadherent cerebrospinal fluid strains. Electron micrographs of all adherent strains showed that more than 95% of the organisms examined were highly piliated, whereas the nonadherent strains were not piliated. All piliated strains agglutinated human erythrocytes. Adherence to buccal epithelial cells and agglutination of erythrocytes could not be blocked by mannose or alpha-methyl-D-mannoside. We speculate that piliation is not important for NP colonization by H. influenzae type b and that the loss of pili may be required for host invasion.
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PMID:Frequency and properties of naturally occurring adherent piliated strains of Haemophilus influenzae type b. 286 Nov 64

Of 275 consecutive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) strains isolated from children with invasive disease in Finland in 1985-86, 74% were of the common European outer membrane protein (OMP) subtype 1 and 22% were of OMP subtype 1c, which is usually rare. Strains of subtype 1c caused proportionately more meningitis and less epiglottis than did strains of subtype 1c. Furthermore, children with disease due to strains of subtype 1c were younger than those with disease due to strains of subtype 1. The significant difference in association between subtype and the diagnosis of epiglottitis or meningitis remained even when the strong influence of age was accounted for. This finding may suggest a true difference in the virulence between these subtypes not previously demonstrated for Haemophilus influenzae type b.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae type b strains of outer membrane subtypes 1 and 1c cause different types of invasive disease. 288 40

Acute epiglottitis, a life-threatening illness, is characterized by the sudden onset and rapid progression of respiratory obstruction. The etiologic agent is almost exclusively Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). During the past decade as many as 25% of strains of Hib have been shown to produce beta-lactamase and be resistant to ampicillin. Recommendations for treatment, in addition to the immediate intubation of the airway, include the administration of chloramphenicol in combination with ampicillin. The combination of sulbactam and ampicillin was evaluated in an effort to develop a safer, but equally effective, regimen. Thirty-one infants and children (mean age, three years six months) with documented acute epiglottitis received parenteral sulbactam sodium (30 mg/kg per day) in combination with ampicillin (200 mg/kg per day). Of the 31 subjects, 26 (84%) had Hib isolated from the blood; seven (27%) of the 26 strains of Hib isolated were beta-lactamase-positive. Twenty-five cases (96%) of Hib epiglottitis responded rapidly to treatment. The combination of sulbactam and ampicillin appeared to be an effective and safe alternative to chloramphenicol/ampicillin therapy for acute epiglottitis in infants and children.
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PMID:Sulbactam/ampicillin in the treatment of acute epiglottitis in children. 302 14

Serum IgG, IgA and IgM antibody and salivary IgA antibody concentrations to non-capsular Haemophilus influenzae antigens were measured in 13 children with H. influenzae type b meningitis and in 15 children with epiglottitis. Most had detectable serum IgG and IgM antibody at presentation but significantly fewer patients with meningitis had serum IgA antibody at presentation (P less than 0.05). Serum antibody concentrations had risen significantly by 3 weeks after presentation in patients with epiglottitis only. Convalescent serum IgG antibody concentrations against these antigens were higher in younger children with epiglottitis. Salivary IgA antibody to H. influenzae was detectable at presentation in all children with epiglottitis and in 12 of 13 with meningitis. Salivary antibody concentrations did not differ significantly between the two patient groups at presentation, although patients with meningitis had higher salivary IgA antibody concentrations than 10 children of similar age with bronchiolitis (P less than 0.02). There was no association between the presence of salivary antibody and low concentrations of convalescent serum antibody. The rise in convalescent serum antibody concentrations to non-capsular H. influenzae antigens only in children with epiglottitis is similar to findings for antibody to capsular polysaccharide. However, this rise was greater for IgG in younger patients, and the low titre of convalescent serum antibody in patients with meningitis was not associated with higher titres of IgA antibody in secretions as described by others for polysaccharide antibody. These findings suggest that the poor serum antibody response to these antigens in patients with meningitis is independent of age and is not due to mucosal induction of systemic tolerance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Serum and salivary antibody responses to non-capsular Haemophilus influenzae antigens in children with meningitis and epiglottitis. 326 Jul 71

The choice of treatment, the importance of chemoprophylaxis in household contacts and the potential impact of immunization with vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) currently under investigation are discussed on the basis of the patients hospitalized for invasive Hib infections at the University Children's Hospital Geneva from 1976 to 1985. Among 122 culture-proven infections due to Hib, there were 41% of cases of meningitis, 37.7% of epiglottitis, 9.8% of pneumonia, 5.7% of septicemia, 3.3% of cellulitis and 2.4% of septic arthritis. From 1981 to 1983, one strain of Hib produced beta-lactamase, but between 1984 and 1985, 5 strains (19.2%) produced beta-lactamase. Only one case of possible horizontal transmission of the infection was found in this 10-year period. We conclude that 1. the appearance of beta-lactamase producing strains of Hib requires that treatment be initiated with an antimicrobial agent resistant to beta-lactamase when a Hib infection is suspected; 2. in our region, only one case of an invasive Hib infection could theoretically have been prevented by chemoprophylaxis; and 3. the calculated theoretical impact of vaccination with the new types of vaccines against Hib could have prevented 106 of 122 cases of invasive Hib infections.
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PMID:[Systemic infections due to type b Haemophilus influenzae. A retrospective study of 114 cases]. 326 4


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