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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Acute epiglottitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) is seldom described in Chile. To reinforce the need to take this severe entity into account in the differential diagnosis of acute upper respiratory tract obstructions, the case of a 9 month old girl is described, who's symptoms were initially attributed to acute laryngitis, but showed not response to racemic epinephrine and betamethasone therapy. The correct diagnosis of acute epiglottitis was suggested five hours after admission by lateral neck's radiographs and confirmed by direct laryngoscopic examination under general anesthesia. Appropriate treatment was soon instituted including tracheal intubation respiratory support and antibiotics. An uneventful clinical course proceeded from then on. Hemophilus influenzae B was isolated from blood cultures.
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PMID:[Acute epiglottitis]. 184 65

Haemophilus influenzae, one of the bacteria comprising the commensal flora of the human upper respiratory tract, is also pathogenic and causes both localized and invasive (septicemic) infections. The major focus of attention and research has been on infections caused by serotype b organisms, which cause several life-threatening illnesses in children, including meningitis and acute respiratory infection (ARI; e.g., epiglottitis, pneumonia). Type b polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines are at an advanced stage of development and implementation; however, these vaccines will not protect against noncapsulated (nontypable) strains of H. influenzae or strains expressing capsular polysaccharides other than serotype b, strains which cause a substantial proportion of ARI (especially pneumonia) among infants, particularly in developing countries. The magnitude of this problem, which contributes to many thousands-perhaps millions-of deaths each year, emphasizes the need for research on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, virulence factors, immune mechanisms, and forms of treatment relevant to ARI caused by H. influenzae in infants and implies that such studies should be given a high priority.
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PMID:The role of Haemophilus influenzae in the pathogenesis of pneumonia. 186 81

The epidemiology of infection due to Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) varies in different groups of Australian and New Zealand children. In most populations the annual case attack rate is approximately 40-60 per 100,000 children under 5 years of age and epiglottitis accounts for a relatively high but variable proportion of cases, which partly depends on case definition. Overall, nearly 50% of cases occur in children over 2 years of age. Among Aboriginal children in the Northern Territory, the epidemiology is strikingly different. The annual case attack rate is approximately 450 per 100,000 children under 5 years and varies in different geographical areas. Most cases occur in the first year of life (40% at less than 6 months) and epiglottitis is rare. The case attack rate in non-Aboriginal children in the Northern Territory (88 per 100,000) is significantly less than in Aboriginal children but higher than elsewhere. The differences between Maori and Caucasian children in New Zealand are less marked. Different immunization strategies may be required for children in different populations within Australia and New Zealand.
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PMID:Epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in Australia and New Zealand. 189 50

With an increased awareness of appropriate management of childhood epiglottitis, overall morbidity and mortality has decreased. However, some trends have developed over the past several years that are variations on the classic picture. In a series of 42 patients seen from 1977 to 1986, epiglottitis has occurred in a progressively younger population. Thirty-six percent of our patients were found to be less than 2 years old, and 51% were less than 3 years old. Also, the causative organism, Haemophilus influenzae, has been found to be increasingly ampicillin-resistant. The incidence, presentation, management, and outcome of the patients are reviewed, and compared to similar data from other series in the literature.
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PMID:Changing patterns of epiglottitis in children. 190 29

Host defence mechanisms were analysed in a patient with three episodes of fulminant pneumococcaemia and one episode of bacteraemic epiglottitis with Haemophilus influenzae type b. The first episode took place 11 years after splenectomy for blunt abdominal trauma. Investigations revealed several host defence mechanisms to be impaired. In addition to the patient's asplenia, an inherited C2-deficiency was noted. Assessment of IgG subclasses repeatedly revealed markedly low IgG4 concentrations. These were not due to an increased turnover of IgG4, as could be shown following infusion of intravenous IgG. In addition, IgG2 concentrations were low in the patient who lacked G2M(23). Opsonic mediating antibodies against type 23-F pneumococci were in the range of those of non-immune volunteers 6 months after vaccination with a 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine. These antibodies did not increase after a septic episode with 23-F capsular-type pneumococci. Neutrophil function was apparently normal.
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PMID:Humoral immune response to pneumococcal antigen 23-F in an asplenic patient with recurrent fulminant pneumococcaemia. 200 33

Intrafamilial spread of Haemophilus influenzae type B disease has often been described for meningitis, but rarely for epiglottitis. Here we report for the first time epiglottitis occurring simultaneously in two siblings and comment on the value of chemoprophylaxis and vaccination to prevent secondary and primary disease.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae epiglottitis occurring simultaneously in two siblings. 180 5

We report a retrospective study of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) diseases in Geneva from 1976 to 1989. Among the 183 children who fulfilled the case definition, 6 (3.3%) presented with more than one site of infection. The overall incidence rate among children younger than 5 years of age was 60.2/100,000 but it was 92.1/100,000 in 1989. Forty-one percent of patients had meningitis, 37% had epiglottis and 22% had other forms of Hib infections. Fifty-four percent of cases occurred in children younger than 2 years of age. Invasive Hib infections were found more often in boys than in girls (1.6/1). From 1984, 21% of all Hib were beta-lactamase-producing strains. During the study period 2 children (1.1%) died from epiglottitis and 12 children with meningitis (15.8%) developed serious neurologic deficits. These data suggest that administration of a conjugate vaccine against Hib to all infants living in Geneva is justified.
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PMID:Epidemiology of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b infections in Geneva, Switzerland, 1976 to 1989. 206 87

Haemophilus influenzae type b is responsible for an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 cases of meningitis per year in the United States, mainly in children 2 months to 5 years old. The mortality rate from meningitis due to H influenzae type b infections ranges from 5% to 10%. Despite antibiotic treatment, up to 35% of survivors have permanent neurologic sequelae. In addition to meningitis, H. influenzae type b is responsible for other invasive infections, including epiglottitis, septicemia, cellulitis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, pericarditis, and otitis media; approximately 30,000 cases H influenzae diseases occur annually in the United States. The diseases peak in incidence between 6 and 12 months of age, with almost one half of the cases occurring before 1 year of age. About 75% of disease caused by H influenzae type b occurs in children younger than 24 months old. The incidence of disease is higher in children of certain groups, including blacks, Hispanics, Eskimos and Native Americans, young children attending day-care facilities, patients with asplenia or antibody-deficiency syndromes, and children of lower socioeconomic status. There is considerable evidence that antibody to the capsular polysaccharide (polyribosylribitol-phosphate [PRP] of H influenzae type b is protective.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Immunogenicity of a new Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (meningococcal protein conjugate) (PedvaxHIB). 210 17

Invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b infections are a major cause of severe infections in children between 2 months and 5 years of age. Meningitis, arthritis, pneumonia, cellulitis, osteomyelitis, and epiglottitis affect approximately 25,000 patients annually and are a major cause of mortality and morbidity in children. H. influenzae type b clinical syndromes, diagnostic methods, epidemiology, immunity, and treatment are discussed in this review. Although potent antibiotics have long been available for treatment, mortality and morbidity rates have not declined substantially in the last 15 years. Prevention of disease is therefore a continuous medical challenge. Secondary cases can be prevented by identification of the high-risk groups and the application of appropriate techniques, including antimicrobial prophylaxis. Primary prevention is the major goal of current research. H. influenzae type b vaccines currently are available for protection of infants 18 months of age and older. Prevention of primary and secondary disease and future developments, including new vaccine strategies, are stressed.
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PMID:Invasive Haemophilus influenzae type B infections: a continuing challenge. 219 6

Haemophilus influenzae is a gram-negative rod, causing severe infections in childhood, including meningitis, sepsis, epiglottits, pneumonia and otitis. Most of the invasive infections are due to serotype b. Since ampicillin-resistance is increasing, modern cephalosporines like cefotaxime and ceftriaxone are the antibiotics of choice in severe disease. Bacterial meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae and epiglottitis are both still life-threatening diseases with a lethality of 5% to 25%, and there are severe sequelae in 35% of meningitis cases. Efforts have been made to develop efficacious vaccines. While immunogenicity of type b polysaccharide was low in the high-risk age (below 18 months), conjugated vaccines with either diphtheria-toxoid or Neisseria meningitis outer membrane protein and the Hib polysaccharide were found to be strongly immunogenic even in the first months of life. These vaccines show every few side-effects and can easily be combined with other immunizations such as DPT and DT. Thus, the incidence of invasive infections due to Haemophilus influenzae type b might decline in future.
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PMID:[Haemophilus influenzae type B. Disease and prevention]. 219 58


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