Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

From August 1991 to July 1992 11 microbiological institutes in the Federal Republic of Germany and two in Austria registered 4380 episodes of septicaemia with 4603 microorganisms isolated. The results regarding sex, age, type of hospital, type of referring specialty, type of hospital unit and the spectrum of causative organisms were compared with similar data collected 7 years previously over a period of 2 years for 8500 septicaemia episodes involving 8999 microorganisms by 13 German and two Austrian institutes. The spectrum of causative organisms differed between the two studies: a doubling in the incidence of pneumococci from 2.5 to 5%, an increase of enteritis Salmonella from 1.1 to 1.8%, and a decrease of Haemophilus influenzae from 0.9 to 0.5%. Among newborns in the first 3 weeks of life the incidence of B-streptococci increased from 14.2 to 21.5%, while that of A-streptococci among medical patients increased from 20.6 to 38.3%. An analysis of clinical data revealed nonhemolytic streptococci as the most frequent causative organism in endocarditis (32.5%); pneumococci and staphylococci (26.6 and 22.1%, respectively) in pulmonary infections; gram-negative rods in urinary tract infections (77.9%); gram-negative rods and coagulase-negative staphylococci in leukaemia (46.9 and 18%); and staphylococci with 61% in septicaemia due to intravascular foreign bodies.
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PMID:[The epidemiology of septicemia causative agents. A blood culture study of the Paul Ehrlich Society for Chemotherapy e. V]. 837 96

Azithromycin (AZM), a newly developed azalide antibiotic, was administered at a standard dose of 10 mg/kg once daily for 3 days to pediatric patients with bacterial infections and the therapeutic efficacy of AZM was investigated. 1. A total of 12 patients with the following diseases was evaluated: pharyngitis in two, tonsillitis in four, bronchitis in one, Mycoplasma pneumonia in one, scarlet fever in two and enteritis in two. The drug was rated "excellent" in eight cases and "good" in four. 2. Eleven strains were isolated from patients: five strains of Streptococcus pyogenes, four strains of Haemophilus influenzae, and two strains of Haemophilus parainfluenzae. Isolated bacteria were eradicated in eight strains and persisting in one, resulting in 88.9% in eradication rate. No follow-up examinations in post-treatment were performed in two cases. 3. No adverse reaction was reported, while one case of eosinophilia was noted as an abnormal laboratory test value. 4. As far as compliance is concerned, patients claimed that the formulation of the drug is "easy to take" or "ordinary". With the results presented as above, we have concluded that AZM is a useful antibiotic in pediatric patients with bacterial infections.
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PMID:[Therapeutic efficacy of azithromycin in pediatrics]. 898 55

Fine granules or capsules of azithromycin (AZM) were given to 32 pediatric patients for the treatment of the following diseases: pharyngitis in three cases; tonsillitis in one; bronchitis in six; pneumonia in six; mycoplasmal pneumonia in 14; pertussis and enteritis in one, each. Effectiveness of AZM was evaluated in 30 cases and the drug was rated "excellent" in 18 patients, "good" in 11 and "fair" in one, resulting in a total efficacy rate of 96.7%. Three strains of bacteria were isolated from 3 patients as the causative organisms including: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae, from three different patients, respectively. One patient complained of mild diarrhea, another patient mild urticaria. Abnormal laboratory test results were reported as follows: one patient showed a slight decrease in leukocyte count, three patients showed slight increases in eosinophils, and one patient had slight elevations in GOT and GPT. The above results suggest that AZM is a useful antibiotic drug in the treatment of pediatric patients with various bacterial infections.
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PMID:[Clinical studies on azithromycin in pediatrics]. 898 57

Azithromycin (AZM), a new macrolide antibiotic, in fine granules and in capsules was studied for pharmacokinetic and clinical evaluations. 1. Antibacterial activities. MIC profile of AZM was as follows: 0.78 approximately 1.56 micrograms/ml against Staphylococcus aureus, < or = 0.025 approximately 0.10 microgram/ml against Streptococcus pyogenes, 0.10 approximately 0.39 and 6.25 micrograms/ml against Streptococcus pneumoniae, < or = 0.025 approximately 0.39 microgram/ml against Moraxella(Branhamella) catarrhalis, 0.39 approximately 3.13 micrograms/ml against Haemophilus influenzae, and 0.20 approximately 6.25 micrograms/ml against Haemophilus parainfluenzae. 2. Absorption and excretion. The elimination half-life of AZM after its administration at 10 mg/kg/day for three days was 28.1 approximately 46.1 hours. The cumulative urinary excretion rate in the first 120 hours after start of treatment was 4.01 approximately 8.47%. 3. Clinical evaluation. AZM was given to 76 pediatric patients to treat following infections: pharyngitis in seven, tonsillitis in 11, bronchitis in 11, pneumonia in 19, Mycoplasma pneumonia in eight, scarlet fever in 13, infective enteritis in one, SSTI in four, and otitis media in two. Effectiveness of AZM was assessed in 75 patients and the drug was rated "excellent" or "good" in 71 resulting in an efficacy rate of 94.7%, 87.0% of the 46 cases indicated that AZM had eradicated bacteria identified before the treatment. One patient complained of moderate diarrhea which disappeared after treatment of anti-diarrheic. Abnormal laboratory changes were reported in 12 patients in the following: decreased leukocytes in eight, increased eosinophils in two, increased platelet count in one, and increased GPT in one. All cases of abnormality was deemed mild in severity and clinically insignificant.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic and clinical evaluation of azithromycin using fine granules or capsules in the pediatric patients]. 898 10

Erythromycin, the prototypical macrolide, has been widely used since the 1950s in the management of pediatric infections. Erythromycin is the drug of choice for infants and children with Legionnaire's disease, pertussis, diphtheria, lower respiratory tract infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis and enteritis caused by Campylobacter jejuni. It is also indicated for treatment of syphilis; for streptococcal, staphylococcal and pneumococcal infections; genital infections caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum; and for the prevention of rheumatic fever and endocarditis in patients who are allergic to beta-lactam antibiotics. The new macrolides azithromycin and clarithromycin are also active against Borrelia burgdorferi, Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex, Cryptosporidium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii. Erythromycin is associated with a low risk of serious side effects, although gastric distress occurs in a significant proportion of patients. Drug interactions with theophylline, carbamazepine, warfarin, cyclosporine, terfenadine and digoxin limit erythromycin use. The newer macrolides azithromycin and clarithromycin are more stable, better absorbed and better tolerated than erythromycin. Azithromycin is more active than erythromycin against Haemophilus influenzae. Excellent tissue and intracellular penetration may contribute to their clinical efficacy. In children both azithromycin and clarithromycin are indicated for acute otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, H. influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis and for pharyngitis/tonsillitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. (As of December, 1996, azithromycin for oral suspension was approved for community-acquired pneumonia in children caused by C. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. pneumoniae and S. pneumoniae.) Claritromycin is also indicated for acute maxillary sinusitis, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, pneumonia and disseminated mycobacterial infections. Azithromycin and clarithromycin are associated with a lower incidence of gastrointestinal side effects, a low rate of drug discontinuation caused by side effects and a low potential for interaction with other drugs.
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PMID:History of macrolide use in pediatrics. 910 54

There is convincing evidence that breast-feeding is protective against gastro-enteritis and diarrhoea, but for other infections the situation is less clear cut. There is evidence that breast-fed infants are at increased risk of one infection (infant botulism). They are probably not significantly protected from upper respiratory tract infections (other than otitis media.), but they may be at a decreased risk of lower respiratory tract infections, particularly those associated with respiratory syncytial virus. There is strong evidence that Haemophilus influenzae B infection is more likely in the bottle-fed infant, and consistent evidence of protection of young children from chronic otitis media with prolonged breast-feeding.
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PMID:Does breast feeding protect against non-gastric infections? 936 20

Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies were performed in pediatrics on tazobactam/piperacillin (TAZ/PIPC), a combined drug of a new beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam and piperacillin at a ratio of 1:4. 1. Serum levels and urinary excretions of TAZ, PIPC and desethyl piperacillin (DEt-PIPC), a metabolite of PIPC, after one shot intravenous administration of 50 mg/kg of TAZ/PIPC to two children (6-7 years old) were investigated. The serum TAZ level at 0.08 hour was 50.8-51.0 micrograms/ml after administration. Then TAZ concentrations gradually decreased with half-lives of 0.38-0.45 hour, and reached 1.0-1.4 micrograms/ml after 2 hours and was not detected after 3 hours and 6 hours. Serum PIPC levels at 0.08 hour was 167.0-231.0 micrograms/ml after administration. Then PIPC concentrations gradually decreased with half-lives of 0.41-0.55 hour, and reached 1.2-2.4 micrograms/ml after 3 hours and was not detected after 6 hours. DEt-PIPC was detected slightly in serum. A ratio of TAZ to PIPC was about 1 to 4 in serum at each time. Urinary recovery rates of TAZ in the first 6 hours after administration of TAZ/PIPC were 33.5-90.1% and those of PIPC were 41.9-77.8% and those of DEt-PIPC were 1.5-2.8%. 2. TAZ/PIPC was administered to 27 pediatric patients (their ages ranged between 2 months and 11 years old) with various infections, and clinical and bacteriological effects and adverse reactions were investigated. Single doses were 26.2-55.6 mg/kg, frequencies of administration were 3-4 times a day, and durations of administration were 3 1/3-7 1/3 days, and total dosages were 4.5-33.75 g. Clinical effects were evaluable in 26 cases. Responses were rated as "good" in acute purulent tonsillitis 1 case and acute purulent otitis media 1 case, as "excellent" in acute sinusitis 1 case, as "excellent" in 2 and "good" in 1 out of 3 cases of acute bronchitis, as "excellent" in 13 and "good" 2 out of 15 cases of acute pneumonia, as "excellent" in acute urinary tract infection 2 cases and as "excellent" in acute enteritis in 1 case, acute appendicitis in 1 case and lymphadentis in 1 case. In all cases, the results were rated as "good" or "excellent". Antimicrobial effects against a total of 10 strains identified or assumed to be pathogenic bacteria were evaluated. The 10 strains of bacteria included 4 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 3 strains of Haemophilus influenzae (2 strains beta-lactamase producing), 2 strains of beta-lactamase producing Moraxella catarrhalis, 1 strain of beta-lactamase producing Morganella morganii. All the bacteria listed here were judged to have been eradicated. Adverse reaction was observed in 1 case with mild diarrhea. As abnormal changes in laboratory data, leucocytopenia in 1 case, elevation of GOT. GPT in 2 cases and eosinophilia in 1 case were observed. On the basis of the findings, TAZ/PIPC was considered to be effective and safe in the treatment of pediatric infections.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical evaluation of tazobactam/piperacillin in pediatrics]. 969 67

Based on analysis of eleven-year intense epidemiological intervention against smallpox, a number of findings and demands ensued which should be met by an infectious disease to be included into the programme of eradication or elimination. The author mentions several episodes from the programme of smallpox eradication in which he participated as a member of a WHO team. Part of the paper is a detailed explanation of the terms eradication and elimination. The main part of the article is a characteristic of infections where the global programme of eradication or elimination is underway. At present the eradication of poliomyelitis and dracunculiasis is completed and elimination of tetanus of neonates as well as leprosy, all by the year 2000. By 2010 measles, possibly German measles and mumps should be eradicated and possibly leprosy and Chagas' disease and onchocerciasis should be eliminated. Also for other infections such as lymphatic filariasis, trachoma and non-veneric treponematoses more remote terms are given or are not yet given. Depending on the decision of WHO on the programme of global eradication, under precisely defined conditions seven other infections may be included: cysticercosis (Taenia solium), diseases caused by Haemophilus influenzae b, viral hepatitis A, rotavirus enteritis, diphtheria, whooping cough and tuberculosis. In the case of viral hepatitis B only elimination is foreseen.
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PMID:[Eradication of contagious diseases]. 1103 69

The TRIVAC decision support model has been used widely in Latin America and other regions to help national teams evaluate the cost-effectiveness of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and rotavirus vaccine (RV). We describe the structure and functioning of this model, and identify the parameters with the greatest influence on the results. The TRIVAC model is a spreadsheet software program that calculates incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) and other indicators for three childhood vaccines (Hib, PCV and RV) utilising parameters such as demography, disease burden, vaccine costs, vaccine coverage, vaccine efficacy, health service utilisation and costs. There is a good deal of uncertainty about the local values of many of the parameters that have most influence on the cost-effectiveness of these new vaccines. Cost-effectiveness models can be used to explore the implications of different values of these parameters. However, for such models to be seen as relevant and helpful by decision-makers, they need to be transparent, flexible, easy to use, and embedded in a process which is owned and led by national teams. In this paper the key drivers of cost-effectiveness in the model are identified by one-way sensitivity analyses, run for each vaccine in 147 countries. The data used are mainly from standard international sources and the published literature. The primary indicator was the discounted cost per Disability Adjusted Life-Year (DALY) averted, from a government perspective, over a 20-year period (2013-2032). For all three vaccines, the ICER was most sensitive to changes in relative coverage (the coverage of the children who would have become diseased or, more importantly, died if the population had not been vaccinated, as a % of overall national coverage) and the herd effect multiplier. Other influential parameters for all three vaccines were: the incidence and case fatality of disease, the baseline trend in disease mortality in the absence of vaccination, vaccine efficacy, vaccine price and the % decline in vaccine price per year. Important vaccine-specific parameters included the cost of Hib meningitis sequelae, PCV serotype coverage and the rotavirus gastro-enteritis (RVGE) admission rate. While vaccine efficacy, herd effects, disease mortality and vaccine price are commonly cited as important drivers of cost-effectiveness, this analysis highlights the potentially important influence of relative coverage, a parameter rarely considered in models of vaccine impact and cost-effectiveness.
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PMID:TRIVAC decision-support model for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of Haemophilus influenzae type b, pneumococcal and rotavirus vaccination. 2377 86


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