Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Shigella genes expressed during infection likely contribute to adaptation and virulence in the host. Using differential display PCR (DDPCR), a cDNA fragment from Shigella flexneri serotype 5 that showed enhanced expression in a murine model was identified, cloned and sequenced. Enhanced expression was verified by RNA dot blot. The full-length gene was cloned using PCR and sequenced. The complete gene sequence was BLAST searched against GenBank, and exhibited strong homology to genes encoding Haemophilus influenzae D15 and Pasteurella multocida Oma87 protective outer membrane antigens. The S. flexneri gene putatively encodes a approximately 90-kDa protein and was termed oma90. The deduced amino acid sequence from oma90 was analyzed and compared to the D15/Oma87 antigens. Additionally, oma90 mapped to a cluster of orthologous groups, and probably contains an ancient conserved domain. The chromosomal organization of oma90 was similar to that for H. influenzae and P. multocida as well as for other known homologues. Northern blot revealed that the oma90 transcript encoded only oma90. This report represents the first description of a S. flexneri gene identified based on enhanced expression in the host. Furthermore, we report the first evidence demonstrating in vivo regulation of a member of the d15/oma87 gene family.
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PMID:Identification and characterization of an in vivo regulated D15/Oma87 homologue in Shigella flexneri using differential display polymerase chain reaction. 1117 81

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) is widely prescribed as prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons. Its efficacy against other infections has not been thoroughly evaluated. To compare the risk for infectious diseases for persons who were prescribed TMP-SMZ with that for patients who were not prescribed TMP-SMZ, we examined data collected from the medical records of HIV-infected patients (January 1990 through September 1999) who were enrolled in the Adult and Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Project. During intervals when patients had CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts of <200 cells/microL (19,081 persons; 22,801 person-years), prescription of TMP-SMZ was associated with significant protection from toxoplasmosis, salmonellosis, infection with Haemophilus species, invasive or any staphylococcal infection, and PCP, but not from Shigella, pneumococcal or nonpneumococcal Streptococcus, Klebsiella, or Pseudomonas species. We demonstrate that prescription of TMP-SMZ for PCP prophylaxis in persons with HIV infection is associated with significantly decreased risk for several infectious diseases. These findings may be of interest to HIV prevention programs in resource-poor countries.
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PMID:Prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: impact on risk for infectious diseases. 1143 10

The WHO Vaccine Trial Registry prospectively registers clinical vaccine studies supported by WHO. Through December 1999, the registry includes 103 studies from 43 countries, with nearly 80% in developing countries. The registry documents an expanding research capacity, with an average of 3.9 new studies per year during 1987-1993, rising to 10.7 per year during 1994-2000. The studies concern a broad spectrum of infectious organisms, including: Clostridium tetani (tetanus), dengue virus, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), hepatitis B virus, measles virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus), poliovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rotavirus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), and Vibrio cholerae.
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PMID:The WHO Vaccine Trial Registry. 1156 43

Antimicrobials show selective toxicity. Suitable targets for antimicrobials to act at include the bacterial cell wall, bacterial protein and folic acid synthesis, nucleic acid metabolism in bacteria and the bacterial cell membrane. Acquired antimicrobial resistance generally can be ascribed to one of five mechanisms. These are production of drug-inactivating enzymes, modification of an existing target, acquisition of a target by-pass system, reduced cell permeability and drug removal from the cell. Introduction of a new antimicrobial into clinical practice is usually followed by the rapid emergence of resistant strains of bacteria in some species that were initially susceptible. This has reduced the long-term therapeutic value of many antimicrobials. It used to be thought that antibacterial resistance was mainly a hospital problem but now it is also a major problem in the community. Organisms in which resistance is a particular problem in the community include members of the Enterobacteriaceae, including Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp., Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Multi-resistant Gram-negative rods, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci are major causes of concern in the hospital setting. Prevalence of antibacterial resistance depends both on acquisition and spread. Decreasing inappropriate usage of antimicrobials should lessen the rate of acquisition, and spread can be minimised by sensible infection control measures.
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PMID:Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance: their clinical relevance in the new millennium. 1189 25

In prepubertal girls with vaginal discharge, consideration of the etiology must be given to respiratory pathogens (Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis), enteric pathogens (Escherichia coli, Shigella, and Yersinia), poor hygiene, foreign body, nonabsorbent undergarments, irritants, vulvar skin disease, anatomic abnormalities (double vagina with fistula, pelvic abscess, and ectopic ureter), and sexual abuse. Prepubertal girls, outside the newborn period, with suspected gonococcal infection should be strongly considered to be victims of sexual abuse, once congenital and other newborn acquired forms of gonorrhea are excluded. We present a case of a three-year-old female with vaginal discharge and fever with a clouded social history, disproportionate distress on physical exam, and initial laboratory gram stain suggestive of gonococcus.
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PMID:Vaginal discharge due to undiagnosed bilateral duplicated collecting system with ectopic ureters in a three-year-old female: an initial high index of suspicion for sexual abuse. 1245 27

The antimicrobial effects of aqueous garlic extract (AGE) against 133 multidrug-resistant gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial isolates, including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., and Proteus spp., and against 10 Candida spp. were studied. Antibacterial activity of AGE by well-diffusion and macrobroth dilution method was characterized by inhibition zones of 20.2-22.7 mm for gram-positives and 19.8-24.5 mm for gram-negatives and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges of 15.6-48.3 mg/mL and 22.9-37.2 mg/mL, respectively. With the exception of P. aeruginosa, the observed disparity in MIC values at 24 and 48 hours was not significant (P >.05) in these isolates. The anticandidal effect of AGE resulted in a growth inhibition zone of 27.4 +/- 3.7 mm with no significant difference (P >.05) in MIC values at 24 and 48 hours, respectively. Minimum fungicidal concentrations were found to be 14.9 and 15.5 mg/mL, respectively, at these incubation periods. Further analysis revealed the antimicrobial efficacy of AGE to be dose and time dependent, producing five distinct time-kill profiles among the isolates tested. The results of this study support the use of garlic in health products and herbal remedies in Nigeria.
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PMID:In vitro antimicrobial properties of aqueous garlic extract against multidrug-resistant bacteria and Candida species from Nigeria. 1538 27

Two electrochemical assays for detecting Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A and B genes were developed. The assays are based on PCR amplification with biotinylated primers, hybridization to a fluorescein-labeled probe, and detection with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-fluorescein antibody using a hand-held electrochemical detector. The limit of detection (LOD) for both assays was approximately 16 copies of the sea and seb genes. The assays were evaluated in blinded studies, each with 81 samples that included genomic and cloned S. aureus DNA, and genomic DNA from Alcaligens, Bacillus, Bacteroides, Bordetella, Borkholderia, Clostridium, Comanonas, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Francisella, Haemophilus, Klebsiella, Listeria, Moraxella, Neisseria, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella, Streptococcus, Vibrio and Yersinia species. Both assays showed 100% sensitivity. The specificity was 96% for the SEA assay and 98% for the SEB assay. These results demonstrate the feasibility of performing probe-based detection of PCR products with a low-cost, hand-held, electrochemical detection device as a viable alternative to colorimetric enzyme-linked assays of PCR products.
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PMID:Detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A and B genes with PCR-EIA and a hand-held electrochemical sensor. 1548 76

Using published data and the results of our studies, we hypothesized that a critical level of serum IgG antibodies to the surface structures of invasive pathogens (capsular polysaccharides of Haemophilus influenzae type b, pneumococcus, meningococcus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, the O-specific polysaccharide LPS domain of the LPS of Shigella, non-typhoidal Salmonella, and E. coli, and the capsular polypeptide of Bacillus anthraces) confer immunity to these pathogens. Covalent attachment to a protein increases their immunogenicity and bestows T-cell properties to these antigens. We have also shown that a critical level of serum IgG antibodies to pertussis toxin alone induces immunity on both an individual and on a community basis (herd immunity) to Bordetella pertussis. It is likely that all the above conjugates and pertussis toxoid will be incorporated into vaccines for routine infant immunization.
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PMID:Future vaccine development at NICHD. 1583 97

Moxifloxacin (Bay 12-8039) is a new 8 methoxy quinolone antibacterial. The MIC90 values are < or = 0.25 mg/l for Streptococcus pneumoniae (irrespective of penicillin susceptibility), Haemophilus influenzae (beta-lactamase positive or negative), Morexella catarrhalis, Bordetella pertussis, Legionella sp., Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Clamydia pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, beta-haemolytic streptococci (macrolide-sensitive or -resistant), Listeria sp., most Enterobacteriaceae, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Neisseria gonorrhoeae, N. menigitidis, Pasteurella spp., Vibrio spp. and Yersinia enterocolitica. For Mycobacterium intracellularae, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), ciprofloxacin-resistant S. aureus, Citrobacter freundii, Providencia sp., Serratia sp., P. aeruginosa and other non-fermentive Gram-negative rods, MIC90s are in the range 0.5-4 mg/l. For anaerobic bacteria species, MIC90s are also in the range 0.25-4 mg/l. Moxifloxacin is bactericidal at concentrations 2- to 4-fold higher than the MIC and is rapidly bactericidal against most common pathogen groups at concentrations achieved in serum with a 400 mg dose that is between 0.5-4 mg/l. There is a post-antibiotic effect against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Resistant mutants are at present difficult to select in the laboratory but in general, moxifloxacin has poorer activity against strains resistant to ciprofloxacin compared to those which are susceptible. Animal and laboratory pharmacodynamic models indicate that the MIC and area under the serum concentration time curve predict outcome. Various animal models mainly of respiratory tract infection indicate equivalent or superior results compared to existing or other developmental agents. Human pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers indicate linear pharmacokinetics over the dose range 50-800 mg/day. A single dose of 400 mg produces a maximum serum concentration of 2.5-4.5 mg/l, half-life of 11-15 h, AUC of 25-40 mg x h/l and volume of distribution of 2.5-3.5 L/kg. Protein binding is about 50% and two metabolites have been identified (M-1 and M-2). Bioavailability is > 85% and a minority of clearance is via the kidneys. No dose modification is required in renal impairment. Extra vascular penetration, where studied, is comparable to that of other quinolones. At present undergoing clinical trials, with a focus on respiratory tract infection, it is likely that moxifloxacin will provide effective therapy for pathogens with MICs of < or = 0.25-0.5 mg/l. The safety profile in a large number of human subjects is awaited.
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PMID:Moxifloxacin (Bay 12-8039): a new methoxy quinolone antibacterial. 1599 72

Cefuroxime is the first commercially-available second-generation cephalosporine to be widely used in therapy; it is a semi-synthetic cephalosporin obtained from the 7-cephalosporanic acid nucleus of cephalosporin C. Cefuroxime axetil is the acetoxyethyl ester of cefuroxime. The majority of micro-organisms associated with respiratory infections are highly sensitive to cefuroxime. These include Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and the other streptococci (excluding group D streptococci), and Moraxella catarrhalis. Bacteria sensitive to cefuroxime include the enterobacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Salmonella and Shigella and Straphylococcus aureus (methicillin-sensitive strains). The pharmacokinetic studies show that the maximum plasma concentration of cefuroxime after oral administration of 250 mg and 500 mg of cefuroxime axetil after a meal are respectively 4.6 and 7.9 mg/l. The absolute bioavailability of tablets is 68% (extremes 63-73%) after oral administration of 500 mg cefuroxime axetil. The protein binding is 33+/-5.7%. Tissue diffusion was studied in the interstitial fluid, the bronchial mucosa, the tonsils, and the bronchial secretions. Cefuroxime axetil is available as capsule-shaped tablets containing 125, 250 or 500 mg. An oral suspension dosage form for paediatric purposes is also available as granules in multidose bottles and sachets. Constitution gives a suspension containing 125 mg or 250 mg cefuroxime (as cefuroxime axetil). Cefuroxime axetil is indicated for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible bacteria. Indications include: lower respiratory tract infections (e.g., acute and chronic bronchitis and pneumonia); upper respiratory tract infections (e.g., ear, nose and throat infections such as otitis media, sinusitis tonsillitis and pharyngitis); genito-urinary tract infections (e.g., pyelonephritis, cystitis and urethritis, gonorrhoea, acute uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis); and skin and soft tissue infections (e.g., furunculosis, pyoderma and impetigo). For most infections, a dose of 250 mg twice daily is appropriate. In some urinary tract infections, 125 mg twice daily has been shown to be effective. If pneumonia is suspected or in more severe lower respiratory tract infection, doses of 500 mg bd should be used. Uncomplicated gonorrhoea has been shown to respond to a single 1-g dose of cefuroxime axetil. Adverse reactions to cefuroxime have generally been mild and transient in nature (gastrointestinal disturbances, including diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting).
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PMID:Cefuroxime axetil. 1861 87


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