Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Microbiological and immunoserological approaches were used in etiological diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia. It was concluded that Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella pneumophila and Klebsiella pneumoniae predominated in the etiological structure of present severe community-acquired pneumonia. The most actual causative agents of nonsevere community-acquired pneumonia in persons under 60 were S. pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Nonsevere community-acquired pneumonia in persons over 60 and/ or at the background of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, diabetes mellitus or other affections was most frequently due to S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and aerobic gramnegative microbes.
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PMID:[Community-acquired pneumonia: Etiological diagnosis]. 941 2

Vast changes are taking place in vaccinology consequent to the introduction of new technologies. Amongst the vaccines included in the Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI), the pertussis vaccine has been replaced by acellular purified fractions devoid of side-effects. Non-pathogenic but immunogenic mutants of tetanus and diptheria toxins are likely to replace the toxoids. An effective vaccine against hepatitis B prepared by recombinant technology is in large-scale use. Conjugated vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae b, S. pneumococcus and meningococcus are now available, as also vaccines against mumps, rubella and measles. Combination vaccines have been devised to limit the number of injections. Vaccine delivery systems have been developed to deliver multiple doses of the vaccine at a single contact point. A genetically-engineered oral vaccine for typhoid imparts better and longer duration of immunity. Oral vaccines for cholera and other enteric infections are under clinical trials. The nose as a route for immunization is showing promise for mucosal immunity and for anti-inflammatory experimental vaccines against multiple sclerosis and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The range of vaccines has expanded to include pathogens resident in the body such as Helicobacter pylori (duodenal ulcer), S. mutans (dental caries), and human papilloma virus (carcinoma of the cervix). An important progress is the recognition that DNA alone can constitute the vaccines, inducing both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. A large number of DNA vaccines have been made and shown interesting results in experimental animals. Live recombinant vaccines against rabies and rinderpest have proven to be highly effective for controlling these infections in the field, and those for AIDS are under clinical trial. Potent adjuvants have added to the efficacy of the vaccines. New technologies have emerged to 'humanize' mouse monoclonals by genetic engineering and express these efficiently in plants. These recombinant antibodies are opening out an era of highly specific and safe therapeutic interventions. Human recombinant antibodies would be invaluable for treating patients with terminal tetanus and rabies. Antibodies are already in use for treatment of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and allergies. An advantage of preformed antibodies directed at a defined target and given in adequate amounts is the certainty of efficacy in every recipient, in contrast to vaccines, where the quality and quantum of immune response varies from individual to individual.
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PMID:The impact of new technologies on vaccines. 1073 30

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) comprises a spectrum of conditions including chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, and bronchiectasis. It has a prevalence in the United States of 5.1% to 5.4% in the middle-aged to elderly population, with a lower rate in nonsmoking individuals. Moreover, COPD is complicated by frequent and recurring acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB). Overall, COPD represents the fourth leading cause of mortality in the United States and is the second leading cause of work disability. This condition is also associated with high morbidity and health care expenditures. Despite the controversy over the need to prescribe antibiotics for patients with AECB, high-risk patients have been identified who will benefit from this therapy.These include, patients with a history of repeated infections (>4 per year), comorbid illnesses (such as diabetes, asthma, coronary heart disease), or marked airway obstruction. Furthermore, a bacterial cause is shown in approximately 50% of AECB episodes, and primarily includes Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Additionally, resistance among community-acquired respiratory pathogens in the United States has risen dramatically, with beta-lactamase production evident in 40% of H. influenzae and greater than 95% of M. catarrhalis isolates, and with approximately 10% of pneumococci highly resistant to penicillin and simultaneously resistant to macrolide antibiotics. The criteria used to make choices for antibiotic use in patients with AECB should include knowledge of the frequencies of pathogen resistance and patients' clinical characteristics. An effective antibiotic, however, must be able to rapidly resolve the acute infection with the least patient morbidity and need for hospitalization. Although there remains controversy as to when to initiate antibiotic therapy in patients with AECB, several guidelines have been published.
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PMID:Antibiotic therapy in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. 1105 24

The adverse effects of vaccines include local reactions and systemic symptoms or illnesses. Local reactions are frequent, most often presenting as transient pain, redness, edema and/or nodule. Fever of short duration is the main systemic symptom, generally occurring within 24-48 hours following vaccination. Some vaccines have recognized specific adverse effects such as thrombocytopenic purpura for the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, and febrile convulsions for the pertussis vaccine. Hepatitis B vaccine and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine have been respectively suspected to be responsible for neurological demyelinating disease and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, but large-scale epidemiological studies have failed to confirm these allegations.
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PMID:[Secondary effects of vaccinations]. 1127 Feb 59

The European Epidemiologic Registry of Cystic Fibrosis began collecting longitudinal data on European cystic fibrosis patients in 1994. A cross-sectional analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with low values of % predicted forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) upon patient enrollment. Data from 7,010 patients aged > or =6 yrs were included. Clinical conditions, microbiological isolates and medications reported at enrollment or within the following 180 days were analysed for age-specific associations. Factors associated with FEV1 that were lower by >10% of pred values were: lower weight for age percentiles, haemoptysis, pneumothorax, pulmonary symptoms at presentation, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, oral corticosteroids, nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs, dornase alfa, oxygen and assisted ventilation and, in patients >12 yrs old only, use of airway clearance techniques, inhaled bronchodilators, oral nutritional supplements, pancreatic enzymes and insulin or oral hypoglycaemics. Slightly impaired lung function (5-10%) was associated with: diabetes (> or = 18-yrs-old), gastro-oesophageal reflux, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, asthma-like symptoms, portal hypertension, Aspergillus spp. and Candida spp. Sex, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus were not associated with impaired pulmonary status. Regular exercise (especially in older patients) and nasal polyposis were associated with slightly better FEV1. The results confirm those of previous studies and suggest selective prescribing in sicker patients.
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PMID:Factors associated with poor pulmonary function: cross-sectional analysis of data from the ERCF. European Epidemiologic Registry of Cystic Fibrosis. 1152 88

We report two cases of community-acquired Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia. Although most infections occur in hospitalized patients, a few cases of community-acquired pneumonia have been described. This disease occurs predominantly in men, and is often associated with underlying conditions such as cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, diabetes mellitus, and chronic pulmonary diseases. Community-acquired Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia cases are generally reported from tropical areas, especially during wet season. Microbiological identification in blood or sputum can be difficult because of frequent misinterpretation and possible confusion with Staphylococcus or Haemophilus infuenzae or neisseriae. Early antibiotherapy is required because of the fulminant clinical course, with approximatively 50% fatality rate.
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PMID:[Community-acquired Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia]. 1175 21

Liver abscess is a potentially life-threatening disease. The clinical features of pyogenic liver abscess are variable and probably correlate with a variety of pathogenic microorganisms and underlying diseases that may be involved. The most common pathogen of liver abscess in Taiwan is Klebsiella pneumoniae. Diabetes mellitus and hepatobiliary calculus are major diseases associated with liver abscess. Haemophilus parainfluenzae is a commensal of the upper respiratory tract, but is an uncommon isolate in liver abscess. We describe a 44-year-old man with liver abscess caused by mixed H. parainfluenzae and Fusobacterium necrophorum infection. He received percutaneous liver abscess drainage and intravenous antibiotic therapy for 3 weeks and fully recovered. No recurrence occurred during the follow-up period of 4 months.
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PMID:Haemophilus parainfluenzae and Fusobacterium necrophorum liver abscess: a case report. 1195 Jan 24

We evaluated the effect of infant vaccination with HbOC Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine on the risk of onset of type 1 juvenile diabetes later in life by examining data from a large controlled prospective Phase III clinical efficacy trial conducted within Northern California Kaiser Permanente between 1988 and 1990. The overall study population included children who were offered the Hib conjugate vaccine (acceptors and refusers) as well as a cohort of children who were systemically excluded from the trial on the basis of their birth date. These children are now 10 to 12 years of age. We found no evidence that vaccination with Hib conjugate vaccine in infancy is associated with risk of diabetes later in life.
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PMID:Lack of association between receipt of conjugate haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine (HbOC) in infancy and risk of type 1 (juvenile onset) diabetes: long term follow-up of the HbOC efficacy trial cohort. 1218 85

Pneumonia is a serious illness associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The interpretation guidelines for pneumonia management requires knowledge of both the clinical presentation of the disease and local epidemiology. We studied the clinical features, initial laboratory results, antibiotic sensitivities, and outcomes of patients diagnosed with acute community-acquired pneumonia between January 1999 and December 2000 at Srinagarind Hospital. The causative organisms were identified in only 52.2% patients; Streptococcus pneumoniae accounted for 23.1% of infections. Other common causes included Klebsiellapneumoniae (19.2%), Burkholderia pseudomallei (15.4%), Hemophilus influenzae (11.5%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (6.2%), and Staphylococcus aureus (4.6%). Younger patients were more likely to be infected with M. pneumoniae, while the mean age of those with other types of infections was 50. Healthy adults were infected with M. pneumoniae and S. pneumoniae; specific pathogens attacked patients with certain co-morbidity : i) diabetes mellitus and ageing, ii) diabetes mellitus and renal disease, iii) cardiovascular diseases, and iv) connective tissue diseases and steroid-use; these patients were vulnerable to i) K. pneumoniae, ii) B. pseudomallei, iii) H. influenzae, and iv) S. aureus respectively. White blood cell counts were normal in M. pneumoniae infection. Gram-stained sputum had some limitations, especially when determining Gram-negative infections; chest x-rays could not differentiate pathogens. Bactermia was found in one half of patients infected with B. pseudomallei and S. aureus. Antibiotic-resistant organisms were not common in our study. Because morbidity and mortality were high among patients infected with S. aureus and B. pseudomallei, empirical antibiotic treatment should be considered in suspected cases, especially when patients present with acute severe community-acquired pneumonia.
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PMID:Clinical features of community-acquired pneumonia treated at Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand. 1223 37

The induction or exacerbation of autoimmune diseases is a potential adverse effect of immunostimulating drugs. Vaccines have been suspected of such actions. Epidemiological studies, however, have so far failed to demonstrate any causal relationship between vaccination and autoimmune diseases, including insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). In this study, autoimmune diabetes-prone non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice were treated with two multivalent diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis and haemophilus vaccines (diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated polio (DTaP-IVP) or DTaP-IVP/Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib)) intraperitoneally at each of 10, 12 and 14 weeks of age. Although non-statistically significant, the incidence of autoimmune diabetes was slightly reduced by the DTaP-IVP vaccine. Blood glucose levels were actually significantly reduced in the mice treated with the DTaP-IVP vaccine relative to the untreated control mice. A slight decrease in blood glucose levels amongst the mice given the DTaP-IVP/Hib vaccine was also noted. Therefore this study does not support previous claims that children's vaccination might be associated with acceleration or exacerbation of IDDM.
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PMID:Effects of two pediatric vaccines on autoimmune diabetes in NOD female mice. 1461 71


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