Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Chlamydial conjunctivitis was diagnosed by direct immunofluorescent monoclonal antibody staining of conjunctival smears in 46 of 100 consecutive neonates with conjunctivitis. The remaining 54 infants had bacterial conjunctivitis most commonly caused by Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Haemophilus species. A comparison of the direct test with chlamydial cultures demonstrated a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 94%, whereas Giemsa stain had a sensitivity of 42% and a specificity of 98%. Nineteen percent of infants treated with oral erythromycin for chlamydial infections in accordance with Centers for Disease Control guidelines had clinical and laboratory evidence of persistent chlamydial conjunctivitis. We conclude that Chlamydia trachomatis is a major cause of neonatal conjunctivitis that can be effectively and rapidly diagnosed by direct immunofluorescent monoclonal antibody staining of conjunctival smears. Further evaluation of treatment regimens appears to be warranted.
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PMID:Assessment of neonatal conjunctivitis with a direct immunofluorescent monoclonal antibody stain for Chlamydia. 242 18

Five hundred and twenty-eight patients with a clinical diagnosis of bacterial conjunctivitis were enrolled in four randomized, double-blind, parallel studies. Patients were treated with trimethoprim-polymyxin B sulphate (TP) or chloramphenicol ophthalmic ointments, four times a day for seven days in three studies, and three times a day for five days in one. Data suitable for evaluation of efficacy and safety were obtained from 448 patients. The results of each study were analysed separately and indicated that both treatments were effective and well tolerated and that there were no statistically significant differences between them. However, in three studies, efficacy trends generally favoured TP ophthalmic ointment and in one study efficacy trends favoured chloramphenicol ophthalmic ointment. A wide range of pathogenic or potentially pathogenic organisms was isolated, with Haemophilus influenzae being the most prevalent.
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PMID:Trimethoprim-polymyxin B sulphate ophthalmic ointment versus chloramphenicol ophthalmic ointment in the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis--a review of four clinical studies. The Trimethoprim-Polymyxin B Sulphate Ophthalmic Ointment Study Group. 254 Jan 36

Bacterial conjunctivitis appears to resolve more rapidly when treated with appropriate topical antimicrobial agents. In this multicenter, randomized, double-blind study of efficacy and safety, patients with presumed bacterial external eye infections were assigned to topical therapy with 0.3% norfloxacin or 0.3% tobramycin. A total of 120 patients were enrolled. Of the total, 65 had documented bacterial infections and were evaluable; 59 of these patients had bacterial conjunctivitis. All of the patients with documented infections were cured or improved regardless of the drug treatment regimen or in vitro susceptibility testing results. The most common bacteria isolated were Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, alpha-hemolytic streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus sp. No patients had serious adverse reactions attributed to their therapy. Norfloxacin ophthalmic solution seems to be a safe, effective, and appropriate agent for the treatment of bacterial external eye infections.
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PMID:Safety and efficacy of topical norfloxacin versus tobramycin in the treatment of external ocular infections. 307 23

A newly developed 1% eye preparation of the potent antistaphylococcal antibiotic fusidic acid, showed an excellent clinical effect in 206 Egyptian children with external eye infections. The 248 patients included in the study were randomized, in the ratio 5:1, to either fusidic acid or chloramphenicol 0.5% eye drops. Both preparations were given four to six times daily for one week. Bacterial conjunctivitis was diagnosed in 56% of the children. Offending eye pathogens were mainly Staphylococcus aureus (60%), Haemophilus aegyptius (10%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (13%) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (6%). The overall clinical success rate in children with bacterial conjunctivitis was 85% with fusidic acid, compared to 48% with chloramphenicol (p less than 0.001). The better effect of fusidic acid could be ascribed to a lower frequency of in vitro resistance (16%) in comparison to chloramphenicol (55%). Both drugs were apparently well tolerated and no side-effects were observed.
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PMID:Fusidic acid in infections of the external eye. 357 Apr 79

Chlamydial conjunctivitis was diagnosed in 46 of 100 infants less than two months old presenting with conjunctivitis. Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Hemophilus species were most frequently identified in the remainder. All infants with chlamydial conjunctivitis were black and were born by vaginal delivery (P less than 0.001). Average age at presentation was 13 days for chlamydial and 21 days for other causes of bacterial conjunctivitis (P less than 0.001) with symptoms present an average of five to six days prior to presentation. There was no statistically significant difference in sex, birthweight, APGAR scores, bilaterality, fever, or prophylactic drops administered. Mothers of infants with chlamydial conjunctivitis averaged 19.5 years old versus 23.0 for the bacterial group (P less than 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in past obstetrical or sexually transmitted disease history. Persistent chlamydial conjunctivitis following a two-week course of oral erythromycin as recommended by Centers for Disease Control was documented in 19% of patients with chlamydial infection.
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PMID:Epidemiology of neonatal conjunctivitis. 370 18

We studied 102 children aged 1 month to 18 years in a randomized, double-blind trial designed to determine both the natural history of bacterial conjunctivitis and whether topical antibiotic therapy is beneficial. Affected eyes were treated four times a day for 7 days with drug (polymyxin-bacitracin ophthalmic ointment) or placebo. Eighty-four patients had proved bacterial conjunctivitis (Haemophilus influenzae 61, Streptococcus pneumoniae 22, both one); 66 of these received only topical therapy. By 3 to 5 days, 21 of 34 (62%) patients receiving topical antibiotic were clinically cured, whereas only nine of 32 (28%) patients given placebo were cured (P less than 0.02). By 8 to 10 days, 31 (91%) of the patients given antibiotic and 23 (72%) of the placebo group were cured (P = NS). The bacterial pathogen was eradicated by day 3 to 5 in 71% and by day 8 to 10 in 79% of patients given antibiotic, compared to 19% and 31% of the placebo group (P less than 0.001). Acute bacterial conjunctivitis is a self-limited disease, but topical antibiotic therapy with polymyxin-bacitracin shortens the duration of clinical disease and enhances eradication of the causative organism from the conjunctiva.
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PMID:Efficacy of topical antibiotic therapy in acute conjunctivitis in children. 632 67

In trachoma the interaction between chronic chlamydial and acute bacterial conjuntivitis has been suggested as important in determining the severity of disease and, therefore, blindness. We investigated the effect of acute conjunctival infection with each of three common human pathogens, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus aegyptius , and Streptococcus pneumoniae, in a model of trachoma established in cynomolgus monkeys. Although acute conjunctivitis developed, animals with trachoma were not more susceptible to infection than other monkeys, nor did they develop more severe disease as a result of the bacterial conjunctivitis. The failure of bacterial conjunctivitis to exacerbate the experimental trachoma indicates that, in this model at least, chronically maintained chlamydial infection alone is sufficient to produce the changes characteristic of trachoma.
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PMID:Effect of bacterial secondary infection in an animal model of trachoma. 660 86

In late summer 1981, a widespread outbreak of acute bacterial conjunctivitis occurred in southeast Georgia, affecting primarily grade-school children. This outbreak was similar to previously described seasonal conjunctivitis in the South. As suggested in previous studies, the eye gnat, Hippelates pusio, may serve as a mechanical vehicle in the transmission of the suspected causative agent, a possible Haemophilus species. The 1981 Georgia outbreak illustrates that "gnat sore eyes" is not obsolete and apparently can occur unpredictably during warm months in the southern states. Physicians and other health-care workers should be aware of the unique clinical and epidemiologic features of acute seasonal conjunctivitis.
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PMID:Gnat sore eyes: seasonal, acute conjunctivitis in a southern state. 684 65

To determine the etiology of acute conjunctivitis in children seen in pediatric practice, 99 patients with conjunctivitis and 102 age-and season-matched controls were cultured for aerobic bacteria including Haemophilus influenzae, and for viruses, Chlamydia trachomatis, and mycoplasmas. Agents statistically associated with conjunctivitis included H. influenzae (42% vs 0%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (12% vs 3%), and adenoviruses (20% vs 0%). One of these three etiologic agents was isolated from 71 (72%) of the patients. Simultaneous infection with two pathogens was uncommon. Staphylococcus aureus was equally prevalent in diseased and control eyes; one strain of C. trachomatis was isolated from a control eye. Although there were variations in the clinical features of viral and bacterial conjunctivitis, differentiation in an individual patient was difficult. An adenovirus was isolated from 11 (65%) of 17 patients who had pharyngitis in addition to conjunctivitis. H. influenzae was isolated from 14 (74%) of 19 children who had both otitis and conjunctivitis. Adenovirus conjunctivitis was common in the fall and H. influenzae in winter.
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PMID:Etiology of acute conjunctivitis in children. 697 Aug 2

Purulent conjunctivitis associated with otitis media was studied in 124 patients in a private practice over a period of one year. Of the 132 patients seen with purulent conjunctivitis, 96 (73%) concurrently had otitis media. In 29 (47%) of 60 families with more than one child, siblings of the index cases had either purulent conjunctivitis or otitis media, or both, simultaneously or within one month. During the study period, conjunctival cultures were obtained from 75 patients with purulent conjunctivitis-otitis media and patients with purulent conjunctivitis whose siblings had purulent conjunctivitis-otitis media or otitis media. Haemophilus influenzae was isolated from 55 (73%). Thirty-one of the patients had nasal cultures done simultaneously with conjunctival cultures. An identical pathogen was isolated from 27 (87%) patients.
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PMID:Conjunctivitis-otitis syndrome. 697 31


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